電気メーターの世界市場 (第6版)

Abstract

The meter industry is poised for the most important technological development since the introduction of the Ferraris induction meter over a century ago. Replacement of electromechanical, meters with basic solid state meters has already started. This trend has now been overtaken by a development which has been brewing for several years but in the last 12 to 18 months has taken a significant step forward to reality. This is the introduction of advanced or intelligent metering, with which energy providers and consumers communicate with each other. Advanced metering offers benefits such as, planning for lower energy consumption, demand management to reduce peak load, lower supplier costs, lower consumer bills, fewer GHG emissions, better service to the consumers, additional services for customers. Recent studies record modest cost benefit savings from 0% to 20%, with an average of 5% to 10%. But take note, the global stock of electromechanical meters is carried on utility books at installation value of some $20 billion, with a 20-30 year straight-line depreciation. For any utility, the write-off of this large asset would involve a huge accounting loss. Replacement is likely to be phased over many years.

In 2007, there are just under 1.6 billion electricity meters installed in the world, and annual demand is 122 million meters. 79% of the installed base consists of electromechanical meters, 21% of solid state. Six countries account for 54% of the electricity meters in the world: China, USA & Canada, India, Japan, Brazil, and Russia. The proportion of solid state meters is a substantial increase over 2006 with the rapid rates of conversion in China and India. The pattern of demand for meters is entering a new, fluctuating phase in some regions, similar to that of AMR in the USA in recent years, where intermittent large utility AMR contracts caused erratic patterns.

The reason for fluctuating demand in the meter market is the switch from electromechanical to solid state meters, and up-grading to advanced meters.

The AMR market continues to develop but it is moving into a new phase. Utilities buying AMR facilities now want more that one-way communication; if they are going to invest in advanced meters, why buy half? They want full AMI capabilities with two-way communication. This is driving forward the solid state meter market in Europe and Asia but, paradoxically, it may retard the development of AMI in the USA because of the existing investment in one-way AMR infrastructure.

The switch to solid state meters takes three forms; government mandates for change as enacted by the governments of India, Iran, Sweden, Netherlands, California, Victoria in Australia, with more in the pipeline; large-scale utility deployments such as the Telegastore in Italy and many in the US; and smaller ad hoc deployments often starting with the C&I segment of the meter market and filtering down to residential meters. The progress of advanced metering attracts varying opinions. Many see it as an inevitable technological development with many benefits. But there are those who believe that the cost benefits are so modest that only government legislation will drive it forward.

On the corporate front, important developments continue as the big meter companies reinvent themselves. To consolidate their advantage over the smaller meter companies the global meter giants are acquiring or being acquired by technology and software groups, so that they are not limited to selling meters but can offer total metering services. In this manner, the giants are exerting downwards pressure of the smaller meter companies. But new, aggressive meter companies from Central and Eastern Europe are making their mark and entering regional markets with wider international ambitions. The report also identifies meter companies which could be described as ' outside the main orbit' of the international metering community but are potentially important because they serve large domestic markets and have established large manufacturing capabilities which are increasingly sophisticated. Companies occupying the high ground today ignore these new comers at their peril.

The methodology of the study has been reviewed comprehensively by the ABS Technical Review Panel and new metrics have been introduced to reflect market evolution. Each of the three main drivers was assessed separately (new building, replacement and refurbishment of meters, and up-grading of meters) and relevant metrics were considered, introduced or rejected. This is a more complex exercise than it at first appears and some obvious candidates were rejected after piloting calculations showed them to be false discriminators.

The dynamics of the market are changing and issues such as the conversion from electromechanical to solid state meters and the effect on replacement rates in the C&I and residential sectors have been reviewed. The growth of new housing, the demographic trends of household size, and electrification ratios have been researched and their implications assessed.

Extensive work has gone into reviewing the methodology, identifying improvements and establishing the correct metrics of the market and its dynamics. We believe that the new methodology is a significant improvement. It is described in detail in the report.

• 1. Executive Summary
  • Evolution in the meter market
  • The installed base of meters and demand in 2007
  • Electromechanical and solid state meters
  • AMR - AMI
  • Manufacturers and company consolidations
  • Metrology regulations and type approval
• 2. Meter population and demand
• 3. Demand Drivers
  • New household connections
  • New commercial and industrial connections
  • Replacement of aging meters
  • Up-grading to advanced meters
  • Prepayment meters
  • The metrics of the meter market
• 4. Terminology of meters
  • Electromechanical induction meters, also called mechanical or Ferraris meters
  • Solid state, also called static, or electronic
  • Digital meters
  • Time of use meters (TOU)
  • Demand meters
  • Demand Response
  • AMR, Automatic Meter Reading
  • Advanced meters
  • AMI, Advanced Metering Infrastructure
  • Smart meters
  • MDM, Meter Data Management
  • Communication modules
• 5. Market Shares by Company for Selected Countries
  • The origins of the metering industry - electricity, gas and water
  • Landis & Gyr
  • Actaris
  • Elster Group
  • The metering industry in mid-2007
  • Elster Group - No 1 with revenue of $1,784 million
  • Itron - Actaris - No 2 with revenue of $1,659 million
  • Bayard Group No 3 with revenue of $1.2 billion
  • Market shares in Europe
  • Iskraemeco (Iskra)
  • Other meter companies
  • Chinese meter manufacturers
  • Market shares in the USA and Canada
  • Market shares in China
  • Market shares in Japan
  • Market shares in Brazil
  • Market shares in Indonesia
  • Market shares in Mexico
  • Market shares in Iran
• 6. Meter Trends, Electromechanical and Solid state
  • Installed base of electromechanical and solid state meters
  • Future shipments of solid state meters
  • Accounting treatment of in-service meters
  • The global installed base of electromechanical meters
• 7. Country Profiles
  • Europe
  • Bulgaria
  • Czech Republic
  • France
  • Germany
  • Hungary
  • Italy
  • Netherlands
  • Poland
  • Romania
  • Russia
  • Spain
  • Sweden
  • Turkey
  • United Kingdom
  • Americas
  • Argentina
  • Brazil
  • Canada
  • Mexico
  • United States
  • Asia Pacific
  • Australia
  • China
  • India
  • Indonesia
  • Japan
  • Malaysia
  • Taiwan
  • Thailand
  • Vietnam
  • Middle East
  • Iran
• 8. Bulgaria
  • Electricity Meters
  • Customers
  • Annual meter demand
  • Meter types - electromechanical, solid state, and market trend
  • AMR- AMI
  • Type approval
  • Initial verification
  • Inspection and re-verification
  • Major participants
  • Utility Background
• 9. Czech Republic
  • Electricity meters
  • Customers
  • Annual meter demand
  • Meter types - electromechanical, solid state, and market trend
  • AMR - AMI
  • Type approval
  • Initial verification
  • Inspection and re-verification
  • Major participants
  • Utility background
  • 10. France
  • Electricity Meters
  • Customers
  • Annual meter demand
  • Meter types - electromechanical, solid state, and market trend
  • Tariff system
  • AMR - AMI
  • Standards
  • Type approval
  • Initial verification
  • Inspection and re-verification
  • Market participants
  • Utility background
• 11. Germany
  • Electricity meters
  • Customers
  • Annual meter demand
  • Meter types - electromechanical, solid state
  • Market trend
  • Prices
  • AMR - AMI
  • Type approval
  • Initial verification
  • Inspection and re-verification
  • Market participants and manufacturers
  • Utility background and market characteristics
• 12. Hungary
  • Electricity meters
  • Customers
  • Annual meter demand
  • Meter types - electromechanical, solid state, and market trend
  • AMR - AMI
  • Type approval
  • Initial verification
  • Inspection and re-verification
  • Major participants
  • Utility background
• 13. Italy
  • Electricity meters
  • Customers
  • Annual demand
  • Meter types - electromechanical, solid state, and market trend - AMR - AMI
  • Type approval
  • Initial verification
  • Inspection and re-verification
  • Market participants and manufacturers
  • Utility background
• 14. Netherlands
  • Electricity meters
  • Customers
  • Annual meter demand
  • Meter types - electromechanical, solid state, and market trend
  • AMR - AMI
  • Type approval
  • Initial verification
  • Inspection and re-verification
  • Major participants
  • Utility background
• 15. Poland
  • Electricity meters
  • Customers
  • Annual meter demand
  • Meter types - electromechanical, solid state, and market trend
  • AMR - AMI
  • Type approval
  • Initial verification
  • Inspection and re-verification
  • Major participants
  • Utility background
• 16. Romania
  • Electricity meters
  • Customers
  • Annual meter demand
  • Meter types - electromechanical, solid state, and market trend
  • AMR - AMI
  • Type approval
  • Initial verification
  • Inspection and re-verification
  • Major participants
  • Utility background
• 17. Russia
  • Electricity meters
  • Customers
  • Annual meter demand
  • Meter types - electromechanical, solid state
  • AMR - AMI
  • Type approval and verification
  • Market participants
  • Utility background
  • Generation companies
  • Transmission and distribution
  • Retail companies
• 18. Spain
  • Electricity meters
  • Customers
  • Annual meter demand
  • Meter types - electromechanical, solid state
  • Market Trend
  • AMR - AMI
  • Type approval
  • Initial verification
  • Inspection and re-verification
  • Market participants
  • Utility background
• 19. Sweden
  • Electricity meters
  • Customers
  • Annual meter demand
  • Meter types - electromechanical, solid state, and market trend
  • AMR - AMI
  • AMR market shares
  • Camera meter reader
  • Scandinavian developments
  • Type approval
  • Initial verification
  • Inspection and re-verification
  • Meter market participants
  • Utility background
• 20. Turkey
  • Electricity meters
  • Customers
  • Annual meter demand
  • Meter types - electromechanical, solid state, and market trend
  • Prepayment
  • AMR - AMI
  • Type approval
  • Inspection and verification
  • Major participants
  • Utility background
• 21. United Kingdom
  • Electricity Meters
  • Customers
  • Annual meter demand
  • Meter types - electromechanical, solid state
  • Credit and prepayment meters
  • AMR - AMI
  • Historical barriers
  • Standards
  • Type approval
  • Initial verification
  • Inspection and re-verification
  • Prices
  • Market participants
  • Market shares, prepayment meters
  • Utility background
• 22.Argentina
  • Electricity meters
  • Customers
  • Annual demand
  • Meter types - electromechanical, solid state
  • AMR - AMI
  • Type approval and verification
  • Market participants
  • Utility background
• 23.Brazil
  • Electricity meters
  • Customers
  • Annual demand
  • Market trend
  • Meter types - electromechanical, solid state
  • Tariff system
  • AMR - AMI
  • Energy theft
  • Type approval
  • Market access
  • Market participants
  • Utility background
• 24.Canada
  • Electricity meters
  • Customers
  • Annual demand
  • Meter types - electromechanical, solid state
  • Meter life
  • Market trend
  • AMR - AMI
  • Electricity standards
  • Type approval
  • Initial verification
  • Inspection and re-verification
  • Market participants
  • Utility background
• 25.Mexico
  • Electricity meters
  • Customers
  • Annual demand
  • Meter types - electromechanical, solid state, market trends
  • Electromechanical meters
  • Solid state meters
  • AMR - AMI
  • Electricity standards
  • Type approval
  • Initial verification
  • Market participants
  • Utility background
• 26. United States
  • Electricity meters
  • Customers
  • Annual demand
  • Meter types - electromechanical, solid state
  • Market trend
  • AMR - AMI
  • Leading AMR suppliers, market shares
  • Electricity standards
  • Type approval
  • Initial verification
  • Inspection and re-verification
  • The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)
  • The American National Standards Institute (ANSI)
  • Developing metrological standards
  • Regulating the devices used for meter testing
  • Market participants
  • Utility background
  • Electricity meters
  • Customers
  • Annual meter demand
  • Meter types - electromechanical, solid state, and market trend
  • Meter regulations
  • Type approval
  • Initial verification
  • Major participants
  • Utility background
• 27. China
  • Electricity meters
  • Customers
  • Annual meter demand
  • Meter types
  • Installed base domestic
  • Market trend
  • Prices
  • Tariffs
  • Prepayment meters
  • AMR - AMI
  • Standards
  • Type approval
  • Initial verification
  • Inspection and re-verification
  • Market participants
  • Utility background
  • Generation
  • Transmission networks
• 28. India
  • Electricity meters
  • Households, electricity customer, and metered customers in India
  • Annual meter demand
  • Meter types - electromechanical, solid state
  • Market trend
  • Demographic trend
  • Metering trend
  • Prices
  • AMR - AMI
  • Metering regulations
  • Type approval
  • Standards
  • Calibration and periodic testing
  • Inter-face meters
  • Consumer meters
  • Energy accounting and audit meters
  • New technologies
  • Accredited laboratories and testing facilities
  • Market participants
  • Solid state meters
  • Electromechanical meters
  • Utility background
• 29. Indonesia
  • Electricity meters
  • Customers
  • Annual meter demand
  • Meter types - electromechanical, solid state, and market trend
  • Prepayment meters
  • AMR
  • Type approval
  • Initial verification
  • Inspection and re-verification
  • Major participants
  • Utility background
• 30. Japan
  • Electricity meters
  • Customers
  • Annual demand
  • Meter types - electromechanical, solid state
  • AMR - AMI
  • Tokyo Electric Power Company
  • Shikoku Electric Power Company in Japan
  • Kyushu Electric Power Co
  • Standards
  • Type approval
  • Initial verification and re-verification
  • Market participants
  • Utility background
• 31. Malayasia
  • Electricity meters
  • Customers
  • Annual meter demand
  • Meter types - electromechanical, solid state, and market trend
  • AMR - AMI - MDM (Meter data management)
  • Prepayment meters
  • Type approval
  • Initial verification
  • Inspection and re-verification
  • Major participants
  • Utility background
• 32. Taiwan
  • Electricity meters
  • Customers
  • Annual meter demand
  • Meter types - electromechanical, solid state, and market trend
  • AMR - AMI
  • Type approval
  • Initial verification
  • Inspection and re-verification
  • Major participants
  • Utility background
• 33.Thailand
  • Electricity meters
  • Customers
  • Annual meter demand
  • Meter Types - electromechanical, solid state, and market trend
  • AMR - AMI
  • Type approval
  • Initial verification
  • Inspection and re-verification
  • Major participants
  • Utility background
• 34. Vietnam
  • Electricity meters
  • Customers
  • Annual meter demand
  • Meter types - electromechanical, solid state, and market trend
  • AMR
  • Type approval
  • Initial verification
  • Inspection and re-verification
  • Defective meters
  • Major participants
  • Utility background
• 35. Iran
  • Electricity meters
  • Customers
  • Annual meter demand
  • Meter types - electromechanical, solid state, and market trend
  • AMR - AMI
  • Standards and type approval
  • Type approval
  • Initial verification, inspection and re-verification
  • Major participants
  • Utility background
• 36. Advanced Metering
  • AMR, Automatic Meter Reading
  • AMI, Advanced Metering Infrastructure
  • The origins and history of advanced metering
  • AMR, Automatic Meter Reading
  • MDMS, Meter Data Management System
  • Evolution of metering technology
  • Reasons for deploying advanced metering
  • Regulatory direction
  • Customer benefits
  • Economic value
  • Electric supply operations
  • Costs for AMI
  • Meter Reading Technologies
  • Handheld meter reading, with or without AMR
  • Mobile AMR
  • Fixed network AMR
  • Means of fixed network communication
  • RF, Radio Frequency
  • Cellular
  • PLC, Power Line Carrier
  • Telephone/Internet
  • Other means of AMR communication
  • Cost benefit analysis of AMR methods of communication
  • Demand response
  • Deployment of AMR
  • Electricity, Water or Gas
  • Effect of Size
  • Leading US AMR Suppliers
  • Itron
  • Cellnet Data Systems, Inc
  • Hunt Technologies Inc.
  • DCSI, Distribution Control Systems Inc.
  • Leach Industries
  • Echelon Corporation
  • Other major AMR vendors
  • Major US AMR manufacturers' market shares
  • Some Non-US AMR Companies
• 37. Metrology, standards, type approval and verification
  • Legislation for measuring instruments
  • Enforcement of measuring instrument legislation - legal control
  • Type approval
  • Verification and testing
  • National metrology institutes
  • Designated national laboratories
  • Accredited laboratories
  • Global metrology infrastructure
  • ILAC
  • OIML
  • Regional metrology infrastructures
  • Europe
  • Accreditation - EA
  • Legal metrology - WELMEC
  • EU legislation for measuring instruments
  • EU controlled measuring instruments
  • EU - MID - Measuring Instruments Directive
  • The producer' s responsibility
  • The government' s responsibility
  • Market surveillance
  • Americas Infrastructure
  • SIM, Inter American Metrology System
  • Legal Metrology
  • Accreditation - IAAC
  • Asia Pacific Infrastructure
  • APMP, Asia Pacific Metrology Programme
  • Accreditation - APLAC
  • CIS, Central Asia Infrastructure
  • COOMET, Cooperation Metrologique for Euro Asia
• 38. Standards
  • International Standards
  • Terminology
  • IEC International Electrotechnical Commission
  • ANSI - American National Standards Institute
  • National Standards
  • ANSI, American National Standards Institute
  • BSI, British Standards Institution
  • DIN - Deutsches Institut fur Normung e. V.
• 39. Methodology and Technical Notes
  • 1. Creation and maintenance of the ABS Metering Database of statistics and market commentary
  • 2. Compilation and analysis of official statistics for creation of the installed base and to define the metrics of annual demand and projections
  • 3. Market estimation and projections using official statistics and the metrics of annual demand and projections in four stages
  • 4. Validation with known demand data and industry interviews
  • 1. ABS Metering Database of statistics and market commentary
    • Literature search
    • Regulators
    • National energy projections and demand forecasts
    • Government enquiries
    • Competition authorities
    • Parliamentary questions and enquiries
    • SEC Filings
    • Metrological Bureaux
    • Trade Associations
    • Socio/economic studies
    • Submetering
    • Company reports and presentations
    • Press
    • Electricity
    • Gas
    • Water
  • 2. Compilation an analysis of official statistics for creation of the installed base and to define
    • the metrics of annual demand and projections
    • Households' population of each country
    • Economic data
    • Electricity customers
    • Meter production statistics
    • Import/export statistics
  • 3. Market estimation and projections using official statistics and the metrics of annual
    • demand and projections in four stages
    • 3.1 The installed base of electricity meters in 2006
      • 3.1.1 Utility reports of numbers of customers
      • 3.1.2 National government or industry associations reporting numbers of customers
      • 3.1.2 Regional associations
      • 3.1.3 Miscellaneous reports
      • 3.1.4 Household statistics multiplied by electrification
    • 3. 2 Theoretical calculation of annual demand for new meters in 2006
      • 3.2.1 New residential installations
      • 3.2.2 New C&I installations
      • 3.2.3 Residential replacements
      • 3.2.4 C&I replacements
      • 3.2.5 Up-grading from electromechanical to electronic or to advanced meters
      • 3.2.6 Imports and exports
    • 3.3 Specific reports of annual meter demand
    • 3.4 Forecasting for 2007 to 2011
      • 3.4.1 Growth in residential meter demand
      • 3.4.2 Growth in C&I meter demand
      • 3.4.3 Value estimates
  • 4. Validation with known demand data and industry interviews
• 40. Tables

• Figure 2.1: Population of electricity meters and annual demand, 2007 by Region
• Figure 3.1: Population and household size, developed and developing world, 1985-2030
• Figure 3.2: Numbers of households by region, 1985 to 2030
• Figure 5.1: Global market shares of meter manufacturers, 2006
• Figure 6.1: Installed base of electromechanical and solid state meters by region, 2007
• Figure 6.2: Installed meter bases in 2006 and 2012, electromechanical and solid state
• Figure 27.1: Installed base of meters by type 1997 to 2020
• Figure 36.1: Cost benefit analysis of AMR methods of communication
• Figure 36.2: World AMR Cumulative Installations by Region, 2000 to 2010
• Figure 36.3: Annual US demand for AMR installations in units, by utility sector, 1990 to 2006
• Figure 36.4: Installed base of AMR in the USA in units, by utility sector, 1990 to 2006
• Figure 36.5: Market shares of AMR suppliers in North America, 2007
• Figure 37.1: Regional metrology organisations

• Table 5.1: Manufacturers shares
• Table 6.1: Electromechanical and solid state electricity meters cumulative installed base in 2006 in major countries, millions
• Table 8.1: Meter demand per year
• Table 8.2: Bulgaria ESI Summary
• Table 9.1: Meter demand per year
• Table 9.2: Czech Republic ESI Summary
• Table 10.1: Meter demand per year
• Table 10.2: France ESI Summary
• Table 11.1: Meter demand per year
• Table 11.2: Germany ESI Summary
• Table 12.1: Meter demand per year
• Table 12.2: Hungary ESI Summary
• Table 13.1: Meter demand per year
• Table 13.2: Italy ESI Summary
• Table 14.1: Meter demand per year
• Table 14.2: Netherlands ESI Summary
• Table 15.1: Meter demand per year
• Table 15.2: Poland ESI Summary
• Table 16.1: Meter demand per year
• Table 16.2: Romania ESI Summary
• Table 17.1: Meter demand per year
• Table 17.2: Russia ESI Summary
• Table 18.1: Meter demand per year
• Table 18.2: Spain ESI Summary
• Table 19.1: Meter demand per year
• Table 19.2: Sweden ESI Summary
• Table 20.1: Meter demand per year
• Table 20.2: Turkey ESI Summary
• Table 21.1: Meter demand per year
• Table 21.2: UK Market shares, prepayment meters
• Table 21.3: UK ESI Summary
• Table 22.1: Meter demand per year
• Table 22.2: Argentina ESI Summary
• Table 23.1: Meter demand per year
• Table 23.2: Brazil ESI Summary
• Table 24.1: Meter demand per year
• Table 24.2: Canada ESI Summary
• Table 25.1: Meter demand per year
• Table 25.2: Mexico installed base of meters, 2006
• Table 25.3: Mexico ESI Summary
• Table 26.1: Meter demand per year
• Table 26.2: Electricity meter units shipped 2002-2005 (excluding imports and exports)
• Table 26.3: Market Share of Principal Suppliers of AMR to Electrical Utilities in the USA, 2004
• Table 26.4: USA ESI Summary
• Table 26.5: Meter demand per year
• Table 26.6: Australia ESI Summary
• Table 27.1: Meter demand per year
• Table 27.2: China ESI Summary
• Table 28.1: Meter demand per year
• Table 28.2: India annual meter demand analysis (2003-2006)
• Table 28.3: India ESI Summary
• Table 29.1: Meter demand per year
• Table 29.2: Indonesia Republic ESI Summary
• Table 30.1: Meter demand per year
• Table 30.2: Japan ESI Summary
• Table 31.1: Meter demand per year
• Table 31.2: Malaysia ESI Summary
• Table 32.1: Meter demand per year
• Table 32.2: Taiwan ESI Summary
• Table 33.1: Meter demand per year
• Table 33.2Thailand ESI Summary'
• Table 34.1: Meter demand per year
• Table 34.2: Vietnam ESI Summary
• Table 35.1: Meter demand per year
• Table 35.2: Iran ESI Summary
• Table 36.1: Approximate installed cost for AMR systems US 2006
• Table 36.2: Comparison of Manual Meter Reading, AMR and AMI
• Table 36.3: Meter System Applications
• Table 37.1: Member countries of EURAMET e.V., 2007
• Table 38.1: Four main bodies which determine standards
• Table 38.2: IEC Standards for Watt-hour Meters
• Table 38.3: ANSI Standards for Watt-hour Meters
• Table 39.1: Sources for installed base of electricity meters
• Table 39.2: New and replacement installations of meters in the United Kingdom
• Table 39.3: New and replacement installations of meters in the Brazil
• Table 39.4:New and replacement installations of meters in the Bangladesh
• Table 40.1: Electricity Meter Market - Production, Imports, Exports, Demand 2000, US$ Value
• Table 40.2: Electricity Meter Demand by Category of Meter 2005, Units
• Table 40.3: Electricity Meter Demand Forecasts 2005-2010, Units
• Table 40.4: Electricity Meter Demand Forecasts 2005-2010, 2005 US$ Value
• Table 40.5: Exports of Major Countries 1997-2002, Units
• Table 40.6: Exports of Major Countries 1997-2002, US$ Value
• Table 40.7: Average Export Price per Unit
• Table 40.8: Unit Trade, Exports from Major Countries, 2004 Units (in separate Excel database)