米国市場におけるエネルギー効率化の動向

Abstract

Executive Summary

Energy efficiency is generally the largest, least expensive, most benign, most quickly deployable, least visible, least understood, and most neglected way to provide energy services. The 39% drop in U.S. energy intensity (primary energy consumption per dollar of real gross domestic product) from 1975 to 2000 represented, by 2000, an effective energy "source" 1.7 times as big as U.S. oil consumption, three times net oil imports, five times domestic oil output, six times net oil imports from Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) members, and 13 times net imports from Persian Gulf countries. It has lately increased by three percent per year, outpacing the growth of any source of supply (except minor renewables). Yet energy efficiency has gained little attention or respect for its achievements, let alone its far larger untapped potential.

The potential of energy efficiency is increasing faster through innovative designs, technologies, policies, and marketing methods than it is being used up through gradual implementation. The uncaptured "efficiency resource" is becoming bigger and cheaper even faster than oil reserves have lately done through stunning advances in exploration and production. The expansion of the "efficiency resource" is also accelerating as designers realize that whole-system design integration can often make very large (one or two order-of-magnitude) energy savings cost less than small or no savings, and as energy-saving technologies evolve discontinuously rather than incrementally. Similarly rapid evolution and enormous potential apply to ways to market and deliver energy-saving technologies and designs; research and development can accelerate both.

Aruvian Research' s report Looking at Energy Efficiency - Focus on United States brings you the entire concept of energy efficiency, analyzing the basics, understanding the concept of energy efficiency, the benefits of energy efficiency, effect on electric utilities, market failures, business opportunities, cost effectiveness of energy efficiency programs, methods on how one can accelerate energy efficiency, and much more. Looking at Energy Efficiency - Focus on United States takes a look at this vastly unexplored field in the energy industry in this comprehensive and intelligent analysis.

Table of Contents

A. Executive Summary

B. Definition & Importance of Energy Efficiency

• Terminology
• Efficiency along Energy Conversion Chains
• Energy Efficiency and Decarbonization
• Service Redefinition
• Historic Summaries of Potential
• Discontinuous Technological Progress

C. Concept of Energy Efficiency

D. Measuring Energy Efficiency

• Market-Basket Approach
  • Limitations of the Market-Basket Approach
• Comprehensive Approach
  • Limitations of the Comprehensive Approach

E. Analyzing the Benefits of Energy Efficiency

• Indirect Benefits from Qualitatively Superior Services
• Leverage in Global Fuel Markets
• Buying Time
• Integrating Efficiency with Supply
• Gaps in Engineering Economics

F. Electric Utilities and Energy Efficiency

• Energy Efficiency in Production & Distribution of Electricity
• Demand-Side Management
• Economic Benefits

G. Engineering vs. Economic Perspectives

H. Diminishing vs. Expanding Returns to Investments in Energy Efficiency

• Empirical Examples
• The Right Steps in the Right Order

I. Market Failures & Business Opportunities

J. The Effectiveness and Cost of Energy Efficiency Programs

• Demand Side Management
• Voluntary and Information Programs
• Effectiveness and Cost of These Programs

K. Ways to Accelerate Energy Efficiency

• Historical & Good Methods
• New and Better Methods
• De-emphasizing Traditionally Narrow Price-Centric Perspectives

L. Need for Energy Efficiency Investment Financing Interventions

• Delivery of Energy Efficiency Financing is an Institutional Development Issue
• Marketing Energy Efficiency Concepts
• Options for Financing Energy Efficiency
• Increasing Energy Efficiency Project Investment

M. Natural Gas & Energy Efficiency Opportunities

N. Research & Development in Energy Efficiency - Focus on US DOE

• Motivation for R&D
• Issues in R&D
• Findings from Present-day R&D Programs

O. Prices, Energy Usage, & Investment in Energy Efficiency

• Evidence from Policies Already Applied
• Policy Mix to Deliver High-Volume Savings at Low Cost
  • Regulation
  • Fiscal and Other Financial Incentives
  • Voluntary Agreements
• Social Objectives
• Future Costs & Potential

P. Energy Efficiency in the Budget FY 2007

• DOE Budget
• EPA Budget
• Energy Policy Act of 2005
  • Efficiency Standards for Consumer and Commercial Products
  • Efficiency Goals for Federal Buildings
  • Tax Incentives for Efficiency and Conservation
  • Energy Efficiency Tax Revenue Effect

Q. Energy Efficiency' s Role in Energy Security, By Fuel

• Electricity Demand-Side Management (DSM) To Improve Reliability
• Natural Gas Conservation Through Energy Efficiency in Buildings and Equipment
• Petroleum Conservation Through Energy Efficiency In Vehicles

R. Energy Efficiency Programs Targeted at Climate Change

• Energy Efficiency and Carbon Dioxide Emissions Projections
• International Context & Policy
  • United Nations
  • Group of Eight (G8) Industrialized Nations
• U.S. Climate-Focused Energy Efficiency Programs
  • Domestic Programs
  • Foreign Assistance Programs
  • California' s Regulatory Action on Automobile CO2 Emissions Promoting Energy Efficiency

S. Case Studies

• California
• Iowa
• Florida
• Massachusetts

T. Appendix

U. Glossary of Terms

List of Figures & Tables

Figures

• Figure 1: To deliver one unit of flow in the pipe requires about 10 units of fuel at the power plant, thus those 10-fold compounding losses can be turned around backward, yielding 10-fold compounding savings of fuel for each unit of reduced friction or flow in the pipe.
• Figure 2: Diminishing Returns Can Be True for some Components
• Figure 3: Optimizing Whole Systems for Multiple Benefits Can Often "tunnel through the cost barrier" Directly to the Lower-Right-Corner Destination, making very Large Energy Savings Cost less than Small or no Savings
• Figure 4: Historical Energy Intensity of the U.S. Economy, 1970-1996
• Figure 5: Actual and Projected U.S. Carbon Emissions
• Figure 6: Energy Efficiency Potential
• Figure 7: Percentage of Consumption by End-Use in Buildings, 2004
• Figure 8: Percentage of Primary Energy used in the Manufacturing Sector by Major Industrial Category in 1994
• Figure 9: Fuel Used in the U.S. Transportation Sector, 1996
• Figure 10 California' s Investments in Energy Efficiency
• Figure 11: Changes in Energy per GDP Decomposed into Changes in Energy Service per GDP & Energy Intensity Effect, 1973-1998
• Figure 12: Energy Prices, 1980-2030 (2005 dollars per million Btu)
• Figure 13: Energy Use Per Capita & Per Dollar of Gross Domestic Product, 1980-2030
• Figure 14: Total Energy Production & Consumption, 1980-2030 (quadrillion Btu)
• Figure 15: Energy Expenditures in the U.S. Economy, 1990-2030
• Figure 16: Energy Use per Capita and per Dollar of Gross Domestic Product, 1980-2030
• Figure 17: Primary Energy Consumption by Sector, 1980-2030 (quadrillion Btu)

Tables

• Table 1: EPA Funding for Climate Protection Energy Efficiency Programs (CPP)
• Table 2: EPACT Energy Efficiency Standards
• Table 3: H.R. 6, Tax Revenue Effect ($ Billion)