Abstract
The constantly upward spiraling demand for energy worldwide has also led to a
consequent investment of industrial and scientific effort into sources of fuel
which will be able to feed the increasing needs of civilized society and
industry.
These latent pangs of future fuel shortage were almost as instantly recognized
in the chronological period as the investment of newer energy production
sources. The finite nature of resources demands and drives the constant search
for cleaner, better combustible and newer fuels. A ground breaking step in
this direction is the development of Cellulosic Ethanol.
This report is a complete handbook on this dynamic fuel source and its
position in the global energy scenario. The report builds on the global energy
industry and the consumption patterns which are fed by the traditional sources
like Oil, Coal, Natural Gas, Nuclear Energy and Hydroelectricity. The report
also presents a track on the global energy consumption patterns along with the
resources being used for them.
Taking into consideration the revenue cycles in the global energy markets, the
report explains the revenue derived from these demand patterns from
traditional sources as well as hydroelectric and wind energy. The report
further also details each source individually.
Taking a contrasting view point the report presents an in depth analysis of
the global energy crisis and the growing recognition of unconventional energy
sources for arresting this crisis.
At this point the report introduces the emergence of ethanol as a source and
the further leap ahead of science in the augmented development of cellulosic
ethanol as an energy source. The report details the complete process of
cellulosic ethanol production and the crucial role played by residues form
agriculture, grass seed, wheat, forestry in the production of this wonder
furl. The changing scientific attitude towards the role of municipal waste,
sludge to serve as a feedstock for this fuel is also explored in this report.
A complete section devoted to understanding the technologies employed to
derive ethanol from these cellulosic feedstock and the efficiency of obtaining
ethanol from different feedstocks is included in the report. The utility of
ethanol as a fuel in transportation on conjunction with gasoline is displayed
in the report.
The geographic commercialization of cellulosic ethanol is analyzed country
wise in this report ranging from Canada, China, Spain, UK and the United
States.
The report examines the factors supplementing the growth of this industry as
well as the challenges & issues facing this industry. The propelling support
from the biotech industry in the development of cellulosic ethanol is also
elaborated in this report. The report delves deeper into the production
patterns and impact of cellulosic ethanol on the farm economy which are now
becoming the guiding principles of building subsidy policies for such economic
structures.
The report envisages to explain the basic cost integers of ethanol production
and the regulatory framework which is now in place to support the development
of this wonder fuel for the future. The role of the government in supporting
and nurturing including development of funding mechanisms to augment the
production of ethanol is also explained in this report.
As a conclusion the report presents an analysis of the leading commercial
producers of ethanol and their successes earned so far. The report presents a
special section to gauge the performance of this industry through the usage of
global case studies and updates to various corporations engaged in this
ecological endeavor.
Table of Contents
A. Executive Summary
B. Analyzing the Global Energy Industry
- B.1 Industry Profile
- B.2 Global Energy Demand & Resource
- B.3 Energy Consumption Patterns Worldwide
- B.3.1 Energy Demand - Oil Based
- B.3.2 Energy Demand - Coal Based
- B.3.3 Penetration of Natural Gas in Energy Markets
- B.3.4 Electricity Driven Demand
- B.3.5 Role of Nuclear Energy as Energy Feeder
- B.3.6 Hydroelectricity Consumption
- B.4 Industry Outlook
C. Revenue Returns on Global Energy Markets
- C.1 Oil Demand - Fuelling Growth Worldwide
- C.2 China' s Coal Demand - Major Influence in World Markets
- C.3 Developing World Electricity Consumption - Adding Up in the Global Pie
- C.4 Renewable Energy
- C.4.1 Hydroelectricity
- C.4.2 Wind Energy
D. Global Energy Demand & Supply Dynamics
- D.1 Oil
- D.2 Natural Gas
- D.3 Energy Prices
- D.4 Energy Usage
E. Looking at the Global Energy Crisis
- E.1 Energy Crisis
- E.2 Growing Need for Unconventional Energy Sources
F. Emergence of Ethanol as an Energy Source
G. Introduction to Cellulosic Ethanol
- G.1 What is Cellulosic Ethanol?
- G.2 History of Cellulosic Ethanol
- G.3 Production Methods of Cellulosic Ethanol
- G.3.1 Cellulolysis
- G.3.1.1 Pretreatment
- G.3.1.2 Cellulolytic Processes
- G.3.1.3 Microbial Fermentation
- G.3.1.4 Combined Hydrolysis and Fermentation
- G.3.2 Gasification Process
- G.4 Economics of Cellulosic Ethanol
- G.5 Environmental Impact of Cellulosic Ethanol
- G.6 Comparing Production of Ethanol from Cellulosic Biomass and Corn
- G.7 Looking at Feedstocks
- G.8 Role of Agricultural Residues
- G.8.1 Grass Seed Straw Residues
- G.8.2 Wheat Straw
- G.9 Role of Forestry Residues
- G.10 The Changing Role of Municipal Solid Wastes
- G.11 Role of Sludge as Supplemental Feedstock
H. Analyzing the Major Conversion Technologies: Producing Ethanol from Cellulosic Feedstocks
- H.1 Introduction
- H.2 Acid Hydrolysis
- H.3 Enzymatic Hydrolysis
- H.4 Thermochemical Processes
I. Analyzing Ethanol Production from Different Feedstocks
J. Analyzing the Utility of Ethanol in Transportation
- J.1 Introduction
- J.2 Role of E10: 10% Ethanol & 90% Unleaded Gasoline
- J.3 Role of E85: 85% Ethanol & 15% Unleaded Gasoline
K. Commercializing Cellulosic Ethanol
- K.1 Introduction
- K.2 Cellulosic Ethanol Production
- K.3 Country-wise Cellulosic Ethanol Commercialization
- K.3.1 Canada
- K.3.2 China
- K.3.3 Spain
- K.3.4 United Kingdom
- K.3.4 United States
- K.4 Implementation of Renewable Fuels Standard & Cellulosic Ethanol
Developments
L. Factors Impact Growth of the Industry
- L.1 Government Grants & Fuel Prices
- L.2 Favoring of Ethanol as an Oxygenate
- L.3 Assistance of Regulatory Laws
M. Challenges & Issues Facing the Industry
- M.1 Issues Related to Distribution & Delivery
- M.2 Rising Cost of Transportation
- M.3 Cartelized and Highly Condensed Market
N. Technological Patterns Prominent in the Industry
- N.1 Introduction
- N.2 Biomass Gasification
- N.3 Corn Fractionation
- N.4 Corn Oil Extraction
- N.5 Others
O. Role of Industrial Biotechnology in the Development of Cellulosic Ethanol
- O.1 Introduction
- O.2 Advances in Industrial Biotechnology Aiding Cellulosic Ethanol
Developments
- O.3 How is Biotechnology Used in Production of Ethanol from Cellulose?
- O.4 Introduction to Industrial Biotechnology & How it is Helping Ethanol
Production?
- O.5 Biotech Breakthroughs & Potential Developments in the Production of
Cellulosic Ethanol
- O.5.1 Remarkable Cost Reductions
- O.5.2 Enzyme Breakthroughs
- O.5.3 First Commercial Production of Cellulosic Ethanol
- O.6 Policies Aiding Ethanol Meet the Challenge of the Advanced Energy
Initiative?
- O.6.1 Biorefinery Construction
- O.6.2 Research & Development
- O.6.3 Infrastructure Construction & Upgrading
- O.6.4 Market Creation/Expansion
P. Production Patterns
Q. Influence of Cellulosic Ethanol on the Farm Economy
- Q.1 Historical Background
- Q.2 Yield of Cellulosic Crops
- Q.3 Land Dedicated to Cellulosic Crops
- Q.4 Dealing with Transition Issues
- Q.5 Debate: Food versus Fuel Worries
- Q.6 Issues Dealing with Farm Subsidies
- Q.6.1 History of Farm Subsidies
- Q.6.2 Energy Payments or Commodity Subsidies?
- Q.6.3 Potential for Further Policy Measures
- Q.7 Influence of Transitioning to Cellulosic Ethanol on Corn Ethanol
- Q.7.1 Historical Background
- Q.7.2 Factors Influencing the Industry
- Q.7.3 Transitioning to Cellulosic Ethanol
- Q.7.4 Promoting the Benefits to More Farmers
- Q.8 Issues Related to Energy Balance
- Q.8.1 Controversies Related to Net Energy
- Q.8.2 Issues with Analysis of Net Energy
- Q.8.3 ' All Btu are Not Created Equal'
- Q.8.4 Data and Methods, and Lack of Comparisons
- Q.8.5 Determining an Appropriate Energy Efficiency Standard for Ethanol
- Q.9 Impact on Rural Economy
- Q.9.1 Historical Background
- Q.9.2 One-Time Benefits
- Q.9.3 Determining the Benefits from Continued Biorefinery Operations
- Q.10 Overall Impact of Cellulosic Ethanol on the US Economy
R. Ethanol Production and Use - Impact on the Economy
- R.1 Introduction
- R.2 Development of the Ethanol Industry
- R.3 Economic Impacts of Ethanol Production
- R.3.1 Generalized Benefits of Ethanol Production
- R.3.2 Impact on Rural Populations
- R.4 Impact of Ethanol on Rural Economies
- R.4.1 Introduction
- R.4.2 Analyzing the Status in Iowa
- R.4.3 Analyzing the Status in Minnesota
- R.4.4 Analyzing the Status in Nebraska
- R.4.5 Analyzing the Status in Indiana
- R.5 Economic Impact of the Renewable Fuels Standard Legislation
S. Analyzing the Economics of Ethanol Production
- S.1 Introduction
- S.2 Feedstock Costs
- S.3 Variable Costs
- S.4 Operating Costs
- S.5 Costs Related to the Plant
- S.6 Issues Facing the Industry in terms of Economy
T. Analyzing the Regulatory Framework
- T.1 Oxygen Legislation - Bill H.R.6
- T.2 Renewable Fuels Standard
- T.3 VEETC
- T.4 Energy Policy Act of 2005
- T.5 Cellulosic Alcohol Subsidy
- T.5 Legislation Related to GHG Emissions
- T.5.1 RFG
- T.5.2 Winter Oxygenated Fuel
U. Government Incentives & Support Mechanisms
- U.1 Federal Funding for R&D
- U.2 Tax Incentives
- U.3 Financial & Technological Assistance
- U.4 Support through Business Programs
- U.5 Support through Cooperative Programs
- U.6 Other Support Programs
- U.7 Analyzing the Pros & Cons of Government Policies
- U.7.1 Advantages
- U.7.2 Disadvantages
- U.7.3 Conclusion
V. Leading Industry Players
- V.1 Abengoa Bioenergy Corporation
- V.2 Archer Daniels Midland Co.
- V.3 Aventine Renewable Energy Holdings
- V.4 Cargill
- V.5 Codexis, Inc
- V.6 Dyadic International, Inc
- V.7 Genencor International
- V.8 Green Plains Renewable Energy.
- V.9 Iogen Corporation
- V.10 Lignol
- V.11 Mascoma Corporation
- V.12 NatureWorks, LLC
- V.13 Novozymes
- V.14 Pacific Ethanol, Inc.
- V.15 Renova Energy (Wyoming Ethanol)
- V.16 SunOpta
- V.17 Tate & Lyle
- V.18 The Andersons Inc.
- V.19 U.S. BioEnergy Corporation
- V.20 VeraSun Energy Corporation
- V.21 Verenium
- V.22 Xethanol BioFuels, LLC
W. Analyzing the Industry through Case Studies
- W.1 Potential of Cellulosic Ethanol in China
- W.2 Research & Development by NREL
- W.3 Analysis of Brazil' s Ethanol Industry
- W.4 Congress Depending on Cellulosic Ethanol
- W.5 Company Updates
X. Appendix
Y. Glossary of Terms
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