ブラジルにおける再生可能エネルギーの分析

Abstract

Brazil' s energy industry is at a crossroads. After a decade of reforms and privatizations, Brazil is reevaluating its plans to meet growing energy needs following a crippling power shortage that rocked the nation in 2001 and a change of government on January 1, 2003.

The country' s energy policies of the last decade have been highly successful. Brazil has transformed itself from a major oil importer whose rising imports from the Middle East were leaving the country with crippling deficits to an expected net exporter of crude oil before the end of this decade. But the country' s energy use is expected to continue to climb in the coming years, and without further restructuring of its energy sector, Brazil may have difficulty ensuring that sufficient investment can be made to continue to meet the rising need for fuel and electricity. In particular, Brazil needs to address the future status of state oil giant Petróleo Brasilero S.A. (Petrobras), whose pervasive energy sector monopoly is hindering the development of competitive markets and discouraging needed private investment.

Approximately twenty million Brazilians living in remote communities do not have access to reliable electrical power. While the majority of these underserved reside in Brazil' s Northeast, the remainder dwell all over the country -- even in the well-developed states of the South and Southeast regions.

Brazil' s untapped potential to employ renewable energy resources such as biomass, solar (photovoltaic and thermal), small hydro and wind for electricity generation is tremendous. Recent economic analyses indicate that these indigenous energy sources can provide cost-effective and environmentally-sound alternatives to fossil fuel-based generation. With a potential $25 billion renewable energy market, business opportunities are limitless. However, government resources alone cannot meet the demand for off-grid energy, and those resources that are currently available support highly-subsidized programs.

Aruvian Research presents a focus on the Renewable Energy Industry in Brazil in its report - Analyzing Renewable Energy in Brazil. The report is a complete analysis of the various sectors of renewable energy in Brazil. Starting with an analysis of the overall business environment in Brazil, the report analyzes the following renewable commodities: small hydro power, biomass, solar, and wind energy. Brazil' s environment for the development of renewable energy is also discussed in details in the report. Regulatory frameworks, government incentives, government programs promoting the use of renewable energy, etc., are all described in the report.

A comprehensive overview of the Brazilian electric power industry is included to indicate the rising demand for energy in the country and how Brazil is planning to meet these requirements. A brief profile of the global energy industry and a profile of the Brazilian energy industry are also included to further enhance the reader' s understanding of the renewable energy market in Brazil.

Major industry players such as Electrobras, Petrobras, Copersucar, etc., are also profiled in the Aruvian' s Analyzing Renewable Energy in Brazil.

Table of Contents

A. Executive Summary

B. A Look at the Global Energy Industry

• B.1 Global Energy Demand & Resource
• B.2 Energy Consumption Patterns Worldwide
  • B.2.1 Energy Demand - Oil Based
  • B.2.2 Energy Demand - Coal Based
  • B.2.3 Penetration of Natural Gas in Energy Markets
  • B.2.4 Electricity Driven Demand
  • B.2.5 Role of Nuclear Energy as Energy Feeder
  • B.2.6 Hydroelectricity Consumption
• B.3. Global Energy Market - Future Outlook

C. Introduction to the Business Environment in Brazil

• C.1 Overview
• C.2 History of the Brazilian Economy
• C.3 Foreign Investment & Commerce
• C.4 Conducting Business in Brazil
  • C.4.1 Import/Export Information
  • C.4.2 Establishing Joint Ventures/Licensing Agreements
  • C.4.3 How to Set up a Company
  • C.4.4 Major Taxes
  • C.4.5 Requirement of Environmental Licensing

D. Overview of the Brazilian Energy Industry

E. Analyzing the Brazilian Electric Power Industry

• E.1 Industry Overview
• E.2 History of the Electrical Power Sector
• E.3 Power Sector Reforms & Current Market Scenario
• E.4 Brief Overview of the Energy Crisis
• E.5 Developing a Program for Expanding Brazil' s Power Supply
• E.6 Analysis of the New Electrical Sector Act
• E.7 Introduction of the National End-User Average Tariff & PROINFA
• E.8 Rural Electrification

F. Brazil' s Environment for the Development of Renewable Energy

• F.1 Overview
• F.2 Major Players in the Renewable Energy Sector
  • F.2.1 Public Sector
  • F.2.2 Not-for-Profit Groups
  • F.2.3 Private Sector
• F.3 Analyzing the Regulatory Framework
• F.4 Selected Programs for Promoting Renewable Energy
  • F.4.1 Light in the Countryside (Luz no Campo) Program
  • F.4.2 PRODEEM
  • F.4.3 PCH-COM
  • F.4.4 PROEOLICA
  • F.4.5 PROINFA
• F.5 Taxes on Renewable Energy
• F.6 Financing Options for Renewable Energy Projects
  • F.6.1 Overview
  • F.6.2 The Fuel Consumption Account (CCC)
• F.7 International Financing & Support for Brazil' s Renewable Energy Sector
  • F.7.1 E+Co
  • F.7.2 Clean Tech Fund
  • F.7.3 Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Fund (REEF)
  • F.7.4 Global Environment Fund
  • F.7.5 The Interamerican Development Bank (IDB)
  • F.7.6 Solar Development Group (SDG)
  • F.7.7 IFC Small and Medium Enterprise Program (SME)
  • F.7.8 EcoC Energy and Carbon Fund

G. Analyzing Small Hydro Power (SHP) in Brazil

• G.1 Looking at the Brazil' s Hydrological Resource
• G.2 Classification of SHP in Brazil
• G.3 Market Developments
• G.4 Opportunities Present in the Market
• G.5 Challenges for the Sector & Incentives
  • G.5.1 Overview
  • G.5.2 PCH-COM
  • G.5.3 Financing
• G.6 Institutional Process for Execution of SHP Projects
• G.7 State of the Industry

H. Analyzing the Biomass Industry in Brazil

• H.1 What is Biomass?
• H.2 Looking at Brazil' s Biomass Resource
  • H.2.1 Overview
  • H.2.2 Sugarcane Bagasse
  • H.2.3 Agroforestry
  • H.2.4 Municipal Solid Waste
  • H.2.5 Animal Waste
  • H.2.6 Sources of Biomass Information
• H.3 Market Development & Opportunities Present
  • H.3.1 Overview
  • H.3.2 Cogeneration
    • H.3.2.1 Sugarcane
    • H.3.2.2 Other Industries
  • H.3.3 Select Electric and Thermal Generation
  • H.3.4 Ethanol
    • H.3.4.1 Bio-Diesel
    • H.3.4.2 PRO-ALCOOL
  • H.3.5 Biomass Briquettes
  • H.3.6 Usage of Urban Waste
  • H.3.7 Gasification Technologies
  • H.3.8 Anaerobic Digestion
  • H.3.9 Small-Scale Isolated Systems for Rural Communities
• H.4 Issues Facing the Sector
• H.5 Gathering Financing

I. Analyzing Solar Energy in Brazil

• I.1 Looking at Brazil' s Solar Resource
• I.2 Applications of Solar Energy in Brazil
  • I.2.1 Solar Thermal Power Generation
  • I.2.2 Water Heating: A Huge Market in Brazil
• I.3 Photovoltaics
• I.4 Industry State
• I.5 Applications and Market Development
  • I.5.1 Rural Electrification
    • I.5.1.1 Role of PRODEEM
    • I.5.1.2 Role of the Luz Solar Program (Minas Gerais)
    • I.5.1.3 Role of the Luz do Sol Program (Northeast)
    • I.5.1.4 Role of Law 10.438
    • I.5.1.5 Role of Light in the Countryside (Luz no Campo) Program
  • I.5.2 Grid-Intertied Systems
• I.6 Fiscal Incentives
• I.7 Challenges to Market Development

J. Analyzing Wind Energy in Brazil

• J.1 Industry Overview
• J.2 Looking at Brazil' s Wind Resources
• J.3 Industry State
• J.4 Opportunities Present in the Market & Challenges

K. Leading Industry Contributors

• K.1 Companhia Energética de Minas Gerais (CEMIG)
• K.2 Copersucar
• K.3 CPFL - Companhia Paulista de Força e Luz
• K.4 Furnas Centrais Eletricas S.A
• K.5 Petrobras
• K.6 Shell Brasil S.A.
• K.7 Ultrapar Participações
• K.8 Electrobras

L. Appendix

M. Glossary of Terms