軍事用燃料電池およびバッテリーの進化：動向と市場

INTRODUCTION

STUDY GOALS AND OBJECTIVES

Modern technology has been embraced by the Department of Defense (DoD) as a resource to enhance the offensive and defensive capabilities of the military services. This is an important factor as our relatively small military forces are deployed both in combat, hostile environments, peacekeeping, and continued training scenarios far beyond that envisioned when the military was reduced in size by 40% in the 1990s. The focus of this technical/market report is on the ground forces and how fuel cells will be employed within a 5-year horizon and into the future. It also identifies the early market opportunities for fuel cells in military applications.

This document looks at the technological evolution and advances for military applications requiring primary, supplementary and backup power. It addresses applications for stationary, mobile, and portable power requirements, and includes existing and projected uses and markets for fuel cells and advanced batteries within the military. It is intended as an update and supplement to the Business Communications Co., Inc. (www.buscom.com) much longer report GB-248 Advanced Military Batteries for the Digital Battlefield: A Technology Challenge. This is an abbreviated report and the reader desiring additional information on aspects of military standards, environmental issues, or little used military unique batteries will find that information in the other BCC, Inc. document. There are also related publications mentioned at the end of this introduction.

A principal objective is to identify what are the trends that are likely and appropriate for the use of fuel cells for large stationary power needs, mobile power, and small-scale power needs. Fuel cells are expected to be deployed for some military power needs by 2006. Advanced batteries and generators for mobile electric power will continue to have a role. These electrochemical devices have the potential to offer agility, stability, and efficient power to replace traditional hydrocarbon combustion-driven platforms and battery-powered systems. The market for military fuel cells is poised to take off in 5 to 10 years, but the opportunities are balanced by a number of barriers that must be overcome before military fuel cells can sustain the anticipated multi-billion dollar markets anticipated by mid-21st century forces.

REASONS FOR DOING THE STUDY

It is important to understand how the military will move toward the use of high technology stationary, mobile, or portable power systems. Many different governmental organizations are involved in shaping the broad future of advanced power sources in the military. The present demonstration and funding programs are part of the enabling force for fuel cell and advanced battery application developments, but there are other factors as well. Consideration must be given to the present power requirements and their deficiencies. Identifying the hurdles to be overcome in moving fuel cells into the military is a factor that must be recognized.

Some advanced power systems need only be cost effective, others must be robust enough for combat situations, and other systems may soon be an effective replacement and utilized in secure or homeland sectors. Commercial off-the-shelf (COFT) military acquisition programs seem likely as the technology emerges, at least for peacetime or stable deployed environments. There are potential benefits as well as potential barriers to the use of fuel cells by the military.

CONTRIBUTIONS OF THE STUDY

This technical market report is intended to provide a unique analysis of the fuel cell technology potential in the U.S. military. It should be of special interest to those responsible for making key technology investment decisions within their organization. Any organization involved in developing or assembling or hoping to deploy next-generation military platforms and systems requiring stationary, mobile or portable power will find this study valuable. This study provides technology and use potential applications through the year 2008.

SCOPE AND FORMAT

The military continues to seek more cost effective, reliable, and robust power sources for its applications. A more detailed look is given to the stationary, mobile electric power, transportation and portable applications of the ground forces because that is where there is the most perceived need. There are substantial Navy and Air Force requirements as well.

INFORMATION SOURCES

An in-depth analysis of military sources, Department of Defense (DoD), and related technical and business literature and published dissertations, combined with a review of the history of the technologies involved, interviews with industry experts, federal government researchers, and contractors provided an assessment of the outlook, the progress and the deployment of fuel cells in the United States military. Other information sources include product literature from suppliers, scientific references, conferences, and patent searches.

The report makes projections for market sectors in terms of constant dollars representing real growth. Historical values are presented for the given year. The market analyzed is for the United States.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION

• STUDY GOALS AND OBJECTIVES
• REASONS FOR DOING THE STUDY
• CONTRIBUTIONS OF THE STUDY
• SCOPE AND FORMAT
• INFORMATION SOURCES
• AUTHORS' CREDENTIALS
• RELATED BCC, INC. CREDENTIALS
  • REPORTS
  • MONTHLY NEWSLETTERS
• ABOUT BCC
• DISCLAIMER
• BCC ONLINE SERVICES

SUMMARY

• Summary Table:
  ADVANCED POWER SOURCES FOR MILITARY APPLICATIONS BY TYPE, THROUGH 2008 ($ MILLION)
• Summary Figure:
  ADVANCED POWER SOURCES FOR MILITARY APPLICATIONS BY TYPE, 1980-2008 ($ MILLION)

OVERVIEW

• IMPACT OF ADVANCED TECHNOLOGY
  • IMPACT OF ADVANCED TECHNOLOGY (CONTINUED)
• BACKGROUND
• OBSERVATIONS
• DEPLOYED AND NON-DEPLOYED MILITARY APPLICATION REQUIREMENTS
• DOD ORGANIZATIONAL INVOLVEMENT IN FUEL CELL DEVELOPMENT
• FUEL CELL TEST AND EVALUATION CENTER (FCTEC)
• Table 1 DOD FUEL CELL TEST AND EVALUATION CENTER OBJECTIVES
  • CAPABILITIES
• Table 2 SUMMARY FCTEC CAPABILITIES
  • Concurrent Technologies Corporation (CTC)
  • DEFENSE ADVANCED RESEARCH PROJECTS AGENCY (DARPA)
    • TECHNICAL OFFICES
    • Support Offices
    • Palm Power Program
    • RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT & ENGINEERING COMMAND (RDECOM)
• Figure 1: RDECOM ORGANIZATION (PROVISIONAL)
  • TACOM/National Automotive Center (NAC)
• Table 3 NATIONAL AUTOMOTIVE CENTER ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE
  • Communications-Electronic Command (CECOM)/Communications-Electronic Research, Development and Engineering Command (CERDEC)
  • Communications-Electronic Command…(Continued)
  • Army Research Lab (ARL)
  • TACTICAL TO PRACTICAL
    • DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY (DHS)
    • Directorates
• Table 4 DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY DIRECTORATES
  • FUNDING: ENABLING FACTOR OR PROBLEM FOR FUEL CELLS?
• Table 5 FUEL CELLS FOR MILITARY APPLICATIONS BY TYPE, THROUGH 2008 ($ MILLIONS)
• Figure 2 FUEL CELLS FOR MILITARY APPLICATIONS BY TYPE, 1980-2008 ($ MILLIONS)
  • FUNDING: ENABLING FACTOR OR…(CONTINUED)

DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE FUEL CELL APPLICATIONS

• STATIONARY POWER
  • KEY CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING RESEARCH LABORATORY (CERL) FUEL CELL PROGRAMS
• Table 6 ADVANCED POWER AND ENERGY PROGRAM GOALS
• Table 7 ADVANCED POWER AND ENERGY PROGRAM OBJECTIVES
• Table 7 (CONTINUED)
  • Activities Supporting Fuel Cell Deployment
• Table 8 ADVANCED POWER AND ENERGY PROGRAM TASKS
  • FIRST GENERATION FUEL CELL PROGRAM
  • Monies Appropriated
  • Phosphoric Acid Sites and Performance
  • CERL RESIDENTIAL FUEL CELL PROGRAM
• Table 9 CERL SITE PERFORMANCE, FY 2001-2002
  • INSTALLATION CASE STUDIES
  • Watervliet Arsenal
  • McChord AFB
  • Preliminary Project Description
  • Hydrogen Storage and Supply
  • Data Acquisition
  • Economic Analysis
  • Geiger Field Air National Guard Facility
  • Hydrogen Supply
  • Economic Analysis
  • VALUE OF FUEL CELLS FOR STATIONARY MILITARY APPLICATIONS
• Table 10 VALUE OF FUEL CELLS BY TYPE FOR STATIONARY MILITARY APPLICATIONS, THROUGH 2008 ($ MILLIONS)
  • TRANSPORTATION
    • STRYKER 8-WHEEL DRIVE ARMORED VEHICLE
    • EVOLUTIONARY VARIANTS
    • Overseas Delivery Requirements
    • COMBATT Program
    • Dodge Ram 2500 COMBATT C-11 Hybrid
    • GM COMBATT Initiatives
    • Reality Check
    • FUEL SUPPLY
• Table 11 ENERGY DENSITY FOR DOD MAIN FUEL TYPES
  • Desulfurizing Gasoline or Diesel Fuel
  • Surrogate JP-8 into Hydrogen
  • VALUE OF FUEL CELLS IN MILITARY TRANSPORTATON
• Table 12 VALUE OF FUEL CELLS FOR MILITARY TRANSPORTATION, BY TYPE, THROUGH 2008 ($ MILLIONS)
  • MOBILE ELECTRIC POWER (MEP)
    • TACTICAL ELECTRIC POWER
    • EVOLVING FUEL CELL PROJECTS
    • Logistic Fuel Processor
    • VALUE OF MOBILE ELECTRIC POWER FUEL CELLS BY TYPE
• Table 13 VALUE OF FUEL CELLS BY TYPE FOR MOBILE ELECTRIC POWER, THROUGH 2008 ($ MILLIONS)
  • PORTABLE POWER
    • INFLUENCE OF DEVICES
    • Fuel Cell or Advanced Battery
• Table 14 ZINC-AIR BA/8180/U SPECIFICATIONS
  • VALUE OF FUEL CELLS IN MILITARY PORTABLE APPLICATIONS
• Table 15 VALUE OF FUEL CELLS BY TYPE FOR MILITARY PORTABLE APPLICATIONS, THROUGH 2008 ($ MILLIONS)
  • ADDITIONAL INITIATIVES
    • DRONES FOR THE MARINES
    • SHIP POWER
    • AIRPLANES AND OTHER EQUIPMENT
    • COUNTERTERRORISM
    • SmarTruck II
    • Smartruck II (Continued)
    • NON-U.S. INITIATIVES
    • U-31/U-32 Submarines (Germany)
    • VALUE OF ADDITIONAL INITIATIVES FOR FUEL CELLS
• Table 16 VALUE OF ADDITIONAL INITIATIVES FOR FUEL CELLS BY TYPE, THROUGH 2008 ($ MILLIONS)

HYDROGEN FUEL CELLS FOR MILITARY DEVICES AND SYSTEMS

• TECHNICAL SETTING
  • CONSIDERATIONS FOR CURRENT MILITARY FUEL CELL RESEARCH
• Table 17 RESEARCH MOST RELEVANT FOR MILITARY FUEL CELL APPLICATIONS
  • EVOLUTION OF FUEL CELLS AND THERMODYNAMICS
  • PROTON EXCHANGE MEMBRANE (PEM) FUEL CELL
    • OPERATION COMPLEXITIES
• Figure 3 WATER TRANSPORT IN A PEM FUEL CELL
  • Needed Components
  • R&D HIGHLIGHTS
  • Development at Gas Technology Institute
  • Development at Plug Power
  • Patent Developments of the United States Army
  • Development at Lynntech
  • Developments at Altergy Systems
  • Synopsis of Polymers for Ion Selective Membranes for Pems
• Table 18 SYNOPSIS OF POLYMERS FOR ION SELECTIVE MEMBRANES FOR PEM FUEL CELLS
  • DIRECT METHANOL FUEL CELL (DMFC)
  • Operation
  • Los Alamos National Laboratory
  • R&D Highlights
  • Developments at Ball Aerospace
  • Developments at Energy Visions
  • Developments at Genesis Fueltech, Inc.
  • Developments at Giner Electrochemical Systems
  • Developments at Hewlett Packard
  • Developments at Manhattan Scientifics, Inc.
  • Developments at MTI Micro
  • Developments at Medis Technologies
  • Progress at Other Organizations
  • VALUE OF PEM FUEL CELLS FOR THE MILITARY
• Table 19 VALUE OF PEM FUEL CELLS FOR THE MILITARY, THROUGH 2008 ($ MILLIONS)
  • INDUSTRY STRUCTURE AND INFORMATION BANK FOR MILITARY PEM/DM FUEL CELLS
  • Industry Structure and Information Bank…(Continued)
  • Industry Structure and Information Bank…(Continued)
  • SOLID OXIDE FUEL CELLS (SOFC)
  • OPERATION
  • Components and Construction
  • Electrolyte
  • Electrodes
  • Tubular Configuration
  • Tubular Configuration (Continued)
  • Closed-End Ceramic Tubes
  • Planar Configuration
  • Flat Plate Design
  • Monolithic
  • R&D Highlights
  • Development at Acumentrics
  • Developments at Adaptive Materials, Inc.
  • Developments at Gas Technology Institute
  • Developments at Siemens Westinghouse
  • VALUE OF SOLID OXIDE FUEL CELLS FOR THE MILITARY
• Table 20 VALUE OF SOLID OXIDE FUEL CELLS FOR THE MILITARY, THROUGH 2008 ($ MILLIONS)
  • INDUSTRY STRUCTURE AND INFORMATION BANK FOR MILITARY SOFC
  • MISCELLANEOUS TYPES OF FUEL CELLS
    • MOLTEN CARBONATE FUEL CELLS (MCFC)
    • Operation
    • Manifolds
    • Electrodes
    • Process at the Electrodes
    • R&D HIGHLIGHTS
    • Improved Lifetimes
    • Improved Lifetimes Continued)
    • INFORMATION BANK FOR MCFC MANUFACTURERS AND SUPPLIERS
    • PHOSPHORIC ACID
    • PROTONIC CERAMIC FUEL CELL
    • REGENERATIVE
  • HYBRIDS
• Figure 4 REALATED ADVANCED TECHNOLOGIES
  • ULTRACAPACITOR
  • SUMMARY VALUE OF HYDROGEN FUEL CELLS FOR MILITARY APPLICATIONS
• Table 21 VALUE OF HYDROGEN FUEL CELLS FOR MILITARY APPLICATIONS, BY TYPE, THROUGH 2008 ($ MILLION)
• Figure 5 VALUE OF HYDROGEN FUEL CELLS FOR MILITARY APPLICATIONS, BY TYPE, 1980-2008 ($ MILLION)
  • SUMMARY VALUE … APPLICATIONS (CONTINUED)

METAL-AIR FUEL CELLS

• INTRODUCTION
• BACKGROUND
  • ELECTRONEGATIVITY
  • OPERATION
  • Operation (Continued)
  • ELECTROCHEMICAL PACK
• HYBRIDS
• DEVELOPMENTS IN THE ZINC-AIR FUEL CELL INDUSTRY
  • PROGRESS AT AROTECH/ELECTRIC FUEL CORP
  • Progress at Arotech/Electric Fuel Corp (Continued)
  • PROGRESS AT EVIONYX, INC.
  • PROGRESS AT GILLETTE/DURACELL
  • PROGRESS AT POWERZINC ELECTRIC, INC.
  • ADVANCES AT METALLIC POWER
  • STATUS OF RAYOVAC
• VALUE OF ZINC-AIR BATTERIES IN MILITARY SYSTEMS/DEVICES
• Table 22 VALUE OF ZINC-AIR BATTERIES IN MILITARY SYSTEMS/DEVICES, THROUGH 2008 ($ MILLIONS)
• Figure 6 VALUE OF ZINC-AIR BATTERIES IN MILITARY SYSTEMS/DEVICES, 1980-2008 ($ MILLIONS)
  • INFORMATION BANK FOR ZINC-AIR MANUFACTURERS AND SUPPLIERS

UPDATED LOOK AT ADVANCED BATTERIES FOR MILITARY SYSTEMS/DEVICES

• LEGACY TECHNOLOGY
  • TYPICAL MILITARY BATTERY USES
• LITHIUM BATTERIES
  • LITHIUM-SULFUR DIOXIDE BATTERIES
  • Developments at Saft
  • VALUE OF LITHIUM SULFUR DIOXIDE BATTERIES IN MILITARY SYSTEMS/DEVICES
• Table 23 VALUE OF LITHIUM SULFUR DIOXIDE BATTERIES IN MILITARY SYSTEMS/DEVICES, THROUGH 2008 ($ MILLIONS)
  • LITHIUM-MANGANESE DIOXIDE BATTRIES
  • Secondary Li-MnO₂
  • Primary Li-MnO₂
  • Pouch Design
  • Developments at Ultralife
  • Technology at Duracell, Inc.
  • VALUE OF LITHIUM-MANGANESE DIOXIDE BATTERIES IN MILITARY SYSTEMS/DEVICES
• Table 24 VALUE OF LITHIUM-MANGANESE DIOXIDE BATTERIES IN MILITARY SYSTEMS/DEVICES, THROUGH 2008 ($ MILLIONS)
  • LITHIUM-ION/POLYMER
  • Temperature Performance
  • CECOM Electrolytes
  • Battery Engineering and Hitachi Maxell Electrolytes
  • Design of "Smart" Cells
  • Army Research Laboratory (ARL) Anode Research
  • Development at Litech
  • Developments at Oak Ridge Micro-Energy
  • Developments at Saft Lithium-Ion/Polymer Technology
  • Developments at Alliant Techsystems
  • VALUE OF LITHIUM-ION/POLYMER BATTERIES IN MILITARY SYSTEMS/DEVICES
• Table 25 VALUE OF LITHIUM-ION/POLYMER BATTERIES IN MILITARY SYSTEMS/DEVICES, THROUGH 2008 ($ MILLIONS)
  • NICKEL METAL HYDRIDE
    • INDUSTRY CHANGES
    • OPERATION IN MILITARY COMMUNICATIONS
    • VALUE OF NIMH BATTERIES IN MILITARY SYSTEMS/DEVICES
• Table 26 VALUE OF NICKEL METAL HYDRIDE BATTERIES IN MILITARY SYSTEMS/DEVICES, THROUGH 2008 ($ MILLIONS)
  • OTHER
  • SUMMARY VALUE OF ADVANCED MILITARY BATTERIES BY CHEMICAL TYPE
• Table 27 ADVANCED MILITARY BATTERIES, BY TYPE, THROUGH 2008 ($ MILLIONS)
• Figure 7 ADVANCED MILITARY BATTERIES, BY TYPE, 1980-2008 ($ MILLIONS)
  • INFORMATION BANK FOR MILITARY LITHIUM BATTERY MANUFACTURERS AND SUPPLIERS
  • Information Bank for Military Lithium…(Continued)
  • Information Bank for Military Lithium…(Continued)
  • Information Bank for Military Lithium…(Continued)
  • Information Bank for Military Lithium…(Continued)

LIST OF TABLES

Summary Table:
ADVANCED POWER SOURCES FOR MILITARY APPLICATIONS BY TYPE, THROUGH 2008 ($ MILLION)

Table 1 DOD FUEL CELL TEST AND EVALUATION CENTER OBJECTIVES

Table 2 SUMMARY FCTEC CAPABILITIES

Table 3 NATIONAL AUTOMOTIVE CENTER ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE

Table 4 DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY DIRECTORATES

Table 5 FUEL CELLS FOR MILITARY APPLICATIONS BY TYPE, THROUGH 2008 ($ MILLIONS)

Table 6 ADVANCED POWER AND ENERGY PROGRAM GOALS

Table 7 ADVANCED POWER AND ENERGY PROGRAM OBJECTIVES

Table 8 ADVANCED POWER AND ENERGY PROGRAM TASKS

Table 9 CERL SITE PERFORMANCE, FY 2001-2002

Table 10 VALUE OF FUEL CELLS BY TYPE FOR STATIONARY MILITARY APPLICATIONS, THROUGH 2008 ($ MILLIONS)

Table 11 ENERGY DENSITY FOR DOD MAIN FUEL TYPES

Table 12 VALUE OF FUEL CELLS FOR MILITARY TRANSPORTATION, BY TYPE, THROUGH 2008 ($ MILLIONS)

Table 13 VALUE OF FUEL CELLS BY TYPE FOR MOBILE ELECTRIC POWER, THROUGH 2008 ($ MILLIONS)

Table 14 ZINC-AIR BA/8180/U SPECIFICATIONS

Table 15 VALUE OF FUEL CELLS BY TYPE FOR MILITARY PORTABLE APPLICATIONS, THROUGH 2008 ($ MILLIONS)

Table 16 VALUE OF ADDITIONAL INITIATIVES FOR FUEL CELLS BY TYPE, THROUGH 2008 ($ MILLIONS)

Table 17 RESEARCH MOST RELEVANT FOR MILITARY FUEL CELL APPLICATIONS

Table 18 SYNOPSIS OF POLYMERS FOR ION SELECTIVE MEMBRANES FOR PEM FUEL CELLS

Table 19 VALUE OF PEM FUEL CELLS FOR THE MILITARY, THROUGH 2008 ($ MILLIONS)

Table 20 VALUE OF SOLID OXIDE FUEL CELLS FOR THE MILITARY, THROUGH 2008 ($ MILLIONS)

Table 21 VALUE OF HYDROGEN FUEL CELLS FOR MILITARY APPLICATIONS, BY TYPE, THROUGH 2008 ($ MILLION)

Table 22 VALUE OF ZINC-AIR BATTERIES IN MILITARY SYSTEMS/DEVICES, THROUGH 2008 ($ MILLIONS)

Table 23 VALUE OF LITHIUM SULFUR DIOXIDE BATTERIES IN MILITARY SYSTEMS/DEVICES, THROUGH 2008 ($ MILLIONS)

Table 24 VALUE OF LITHIUM-MANGANESE DIOXIDE BATTERIES IN MILITARY SYSTEMS/DEVICES, THROUGH 2008 ($ MILLIONS)

Table 25 VALUE OF LITHIUM-ION/POLYMER BATTERIES IN MILITARY SYSTEMS/DEVICES, THROUGH 2008 ($ MILLIONS)

Table 26 VALUE OF NICKEL METAL HYDRIDE BATTERIES IN MILITARY SYSTEMS/DEVICES, THROUGH 2008 ($ MILLIONS)

Table 27 ADVANCED MILITARY BATTERIES, BY TYPE, THROUGH 2008 ($ MILLIONS)  

LIST OF FIGURES

Summary Figure:
ADVANCED POWER SOURCES FOR MILITARY APPLICATIONS BY TYPE, 1980-2008 ($ MILLION)

Figure 1: RDECOM ORGANIZATION (PROVISIONAL)

Figure 2 FUEL CELLS FOR MILITARY APPLICATIONS BY TYPE, 1980-2008 ($ MILLIONS)

Figure 3 WATER TRANSPORT IN A PEM FUEL CELL

Figure 4 REALATED ADVANCED TECHNOLOGIES

Figure 5 VALUE OF HYDROGEN FUEL CELLS FOR MILITARY APPLICATIONS, BY TYPE, 1980-2008 ($ MILLION)

Figure 6 VALUE OF ZINC-AIR BATTERIES IN MILITARY SYSTEMS/DEVICES, 1980-2008 ($ MILLIONS)

Figure 7 ADVANCED MILITARY BATTERIES, BY TYPE, 1980-2008 ($ MILLIONS)