二酸化炭素の利用と回収

Abstract

Carbon dioxide emissions from energy use depend on carbon dioxide content of the fuel and the fraction of the fuel consumed in combustion. The product of carbon dioxide content at full combustion and the combustion fraction yields an adjusted carbon dioxide emission factor for each fuel. CO2 also is used in industry and its market is heavily reliant on the oil and gas production, food and beverages and chemical processing industries.

This BCC study examines carbon dioxide recovery and use including carbon management strategies. The report offers a critical view of the markets for commercial carbon dioxide including demand scenarios. It assesses the role of carbon dioxide as an industrial gas that as such, is a key participant in almost all major markets that account for more than 50% of the global gross domestic product (GDP). It quantifies the demand for carbon dioxide by category, product type, application, purity and technology, and assesses relationships between major consumers and producers.

Focus also is placed on the key challenges to current developments and long-term carbon management strategies in developing the international carbon trading system and its impact on the global economy, the various technologies of CO2 recovery and sequestration including the critical stages of processing and how they relate to consumption and demand patterns.

SCOPE OF STUDY

The report contains:

• An overview of the CO2 industry in relation to the overall global economy
• A review of major products and applications
• Discussion of government environmental/ energy regulation
• Analysis of the merchant CO2 market by product type, use and technology with forecasts through 2008
• Assessment of the global carbon cycle and global management and emission reduction
• A patent evaluation and manufacturing technology overview
• Trade data by major company and region and forecasts for the 2003 - 2008 time frame
• Analysis of the structure of industry and competitive aspects and company profiles of more than 100 major players.

Table of Contents

• INTRODUCTION
  • STUDY GOALS AND OBJECTIVES
  • REASONS FOR DOING THE STUDY
  • CONTRIBUTION OF THE STUDY AND FOR WHOM
  • SCOPE AND FORMAT
  • METHODOLOGY
  • INFORMATION SOURCES
  • AUTHOR CREDENTIALS
  • RELATED BCC STUDIES
  • BCC ON-LINE SERVICES
  • DISCLAIMER
• SUMMARY
  • KEY FINDINGS FROM THE STUDY
    • GLOBAL ENERGY-RELATED CO2 EMISSIONS
    • CO2 IN THE ATMOSPHERIC SINK
    • MERCHANT CO2 SALES
    • CARBON EMISSIONS TRADING MARKET
  • Summary Table: GLOBAL MERCHANT CARBON DIOXIDE UTILIZATION AND MANAGEMENT, THROUGH 2008
  • Summary Figure: GLOBAL MERCHANT CARBON DIOXIDE SALES, 2000-2008 ($ BILLIONS)
• INDUSTRY OVERVIEW
  • INTRODUCTION
  • IMPORTANCE OF THE CARBON DIOXIDE INDUSTRY
  • OVERVIEW OF CARBON DIOXIDE RECOVERY/CAPTURE TECHNOLOGIES
    • CARBON DIOXIDE SEPARATION AND RECOVERY: KEY FACTS
    • PROBLEMS WITH CURRENT CO2 RECOVERY TECHNOLOGIES
    • CO2 CAPTURE COSTS: GENERAL
  • Table 1 OVERVIEW OF POWER PLANT CAPITAL COST AND ELECTRICITY COST INCREASES
    • CO2 CAPTURE COSTS: RETROFIT
    • CO2 CAPTURE COSTS: PRE-COMBUSTION
    • CO2 CAPTURE COSTS: POST-COMBUSTION
  • Figure 1 POST-COMBUSTION CO2 RECOVERY COST
    • EXAMPLES OF CURRENT LARGE-SCALE CO2 RECOVERY TECHNOLOGIES
  • Table 2 OVERVIEW OF CARBON DIOXIDE RECOVERY/CAPTURE TECHNOLOGIES
  • Table 2 (CONTINUED)
  • Table 2 (CONTINUED)
    • Fluor Econamine FG Process
    • Selexol Process
    • MHI Process
  • OVERVIEW OF CARBON DIOXIDE OCCURRENCE, PROPERTIES, MAJOR PRODUCTS, AND COMMERCIAL UTILIZATION
  • Table 3 OVERVIEW OF CARBON DIOXIDE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • OCCURRENCE
    • COMMERCIAL UTILIZATION
  • Table 4 OVERVIEW OF MERCHANT GLOBAL CARBON DIOXIDE UTILIZATION BY SEGMENT, THROUGH 2008 ($ BILLIONS)
    • SOURCES/PRODUCTS
  • Table 5 OVERVIEW OF GLOBAL CARBON DIOXIDE UTILIZATION BY PRODUCT, THROUGH 2008 ($ BILLIONS)
    • OVERVIEW OF TECHNOLOGICAL CARBON MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES
  • Table 6 OVERVIEW OF TECHNOLOGICAL CARBON MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES
    • OVERVIEW OF TECHNOLOGICAL PROGRESS IN CARBON DIOXIDE STORAGE IN GEOLOGIC FORMATIONS
  • Figure 2 CARBON DIOXIDE GEOLOGICAL STORAGE TECHNOLOGY PROGRESS
  • Figure 3 COST GOAL FOR CARBON SEQUESTRATION
    • OVERVIEW OF GLOBAL CARBON TRADE AND FIRST TRADE FAIR/CONGRESS
      • THE EMERGING MARKET FOR CARBON FINANCE
      • THE CHICAGO CLIMATE EXCHANGE
  • Table 7 HIGHLIGHTS OF CCXS FIRST AUCTION OF CO2 EMISSION ALLOWANCES*, SEPTEMBER 30, 2003
    • HISTORY OF CARBON DIOXIDE RECOVERY AND UTILIZATION, INCLUDING CARBON MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES
      • CO2 IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY
      • CARBON DIOXIDE CAPTURE
      • PIONEERING CO2 COMPANIES
      • THE DECLINE OF CO2 SYSTEMS
      • RESURGENCE OF CO2
    • OVERVIEW OF INTERNATIONAL CLIMATE CHANGE NEGOTIATIONS
      • INTERNATIONAL EMISSIONS TRADING
      • THE CLEAN DEVELOPMENT MECHANISM
      • JOINT IMPLEMENTATION
    • IMPORTANT INDICATIONS FOR CARBON DIOXIDE UTILIZATION AND RECOVERY, INCLUDING CARBON MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES
    • ENTERGYS CARBON SEQUESTRATION TRADE - FIRST TRANSACTION THROUGH EMAS REGISTRY
      • CRYOGENIC TECHNOLOGIES IN FOOD PROCESSING ARE PROVIDING BENEFITS WITHOUT SACRIFICING QUALITY
      • CARBON DIOXIDE VS. LIQUID NITROGEN
      • CRYOGENIC SYSTEM DESIGN
      • SUPERCRITICAL TECHNOLOGY
      • INVESTORS WORTH $10 TRILLION SPEAK OUT ON BUSINESS RISK OF CLIMATE CHANGE
        • Largest Survey of Global Executives Shows Companies Starting to Make Changes
        • BIOCAP and DuPont Canada Join Forces to Promote Sustainability
        • ICF Consulting Advises Coal-Fired Power Stations in EU to Postpone SO2 and NOx Controls under Large Combustion Plant Directive
        • ChevronTexaco Donates SANGEA? Software to API
      • GLOBAL WARMING RESOLUTIONS AT U.S. OIL COMPANIES BRING POLICY COMMITMENTS FROM LEADERS, AND RECORD HIGH VOTES
        • Calpine Promises to Build Less-Polluting Power Plants
      • U.S. DOE ANNOUNCES NEW CARBON SEQUESTRATION PARTNERSHIPS
      • CARBON TAX PUTS CEMENT INDUSTRY AT RISK
      • PRICING PICTURE
      • CONTINUOUS STRONG DEMAND
      • SUPPLY SITUATION
      • ADDED VALUE
        • Growing On-Site Generation
        • Purity
        • Value-Added Services
          • Supply Chain Fragmentation/Streamlining
      • MAJOR CONTRACTS, JOINT VENTURES, PARTNERSHIPS, AND ALLIANCES
      • Air Products
      • Rockwell Automation
      • Point Carbon and ESP
      • Airgas
    • GLOBAL CARBON CYCLE AND ATMOSPHERIC CO2 CONCENTRATION
  • Figure 4 OVERVIEW OF CARBON DIOXIDE FLOWS (BILLION TONS CARBON)
    • NATURAL CO2 PRODUCTION
    • MAN-MADE CO2 PRODUCTION
    • NATURAL CO2 ABSORPTION
    • HUMAN-MADE ABSORPTION
    • GLOBAL INCREASE OF CO2 IN THE ATMOSPHERE
    • TOTAL CO2 IN ATMOSPHERIC SINK
  • Table 8 OVERVIEW OF GLOBAL CARBON DIOXIDE ANNUAL INCREASE IN THE ATMOSPHERE, THROUGH 2008 (GIGATONS OF CARBON)
    • WORLD ENERGY AND ENERGY MIX
      • WORLD ECONOMIC ACTIVITY BY REGION
        • North America
          • North America (Continued)
  • Table 9 GROWTH IN MAJOR U.S. INDICES, 1999-2004 (%)
    • Europe
    • Asia
    • South America
    • Africa and the Middle East
      • Africa
      • The Middle East
    • DESCRIPTION OF THE CARBON DIOXIDE INDUSTRY AND ITS EFFECT ON THE FUTURE
      • DESCRIPTION OF THE CARBON DIOXIDE(CONTINUED)
• REGULATIONS AND LEGISLATION
  • INTRODUCTION
  • KEY REGULATIONS
    • ENERGY RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT, DEMONSTRATION, AND COMMERCIAL APPLICATION ACT OF 2003
    • CLEAR ACT OF 2003
    • CLEAN AIR AMENDMENTS ACT OF 1990
    • ENERGY TAX POLICY ACT OF 2003
    • SECURING TRANSPORTATION ENERGY EFFICIENCY FOR TOMORROW ACT OF 2003
    • THE HOMELAND INFRASTRUCTURE POWER AND ASSURANCE INCENTIVES ACT OF 2003
    • ENERGY INDEPENDENCE AND SECURITY ACT OF 2003
    • ENERGY POLICY ACT OF 2003
    • ALTERNATIVE MOTOR FUELS ACT OF 1988
    • THE GEORGE E. BROWN, JR. AND ROBERT S. WALKER HYDROGEN FUTURE ACT OF 2003
    • PUBLIC UTILITY REGULATORY POLICIES ACT OF 1978
    • RESOURCE CONSERVATION AND RECOVERY ACT OF 1976
      • Executive Order 12856
      • Executive Order 12843
      • Epact Title V
    • AIRPORT AIR QUALITY IMPROVEMENT ACT OF 2000
    • TOXIC SUBSTANCE CONTROL ACT OF 1976
    • ACCOUNTABLE PIPELINE SAFETY AND PARTNERSHIP ACT OF 1996
    • METHANE HYDRATE RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT ACT OF 2000
    • GREENHOUSE GAS CAP-AND-TRADE BILL
    • NATURAL GAS WELLHEAD DECONTROL ACT OF 1989
    • ADVANCED TECHNOLOGY MOTOR VEHICLE ECONOMY ACT OF 2000
    • NATIONAL APPLIANCE ENERGY CONSERVATION ACT OF 1987
    • OMNIBUS BUDGET RECONCILIATION ACT OF 1990
    • DEEPWATER ROYALTY RELIEF ACT OF 1995
    • OUTER CONTINENTAL SHELF LANDS ACT OF 1953
    • AFRICAN GROWTH AND OPPORTUNITY ACT OF 2000
    • THE U.S.-MIDDLE EAST PARTNERSHIP INITIATIVE: PROMOTING ECONOMIC GROWTH
    • KING AND TSIORVAS PIPELINE SAFETY IMPROVEMENT ACT OF 2000
  • EMISSION CONTROL REGULATIONS
  • GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE ISSUES AND CARBON DIOXIDE EMISSIONS BY REGION
  • Table 10 OVERVIEW OF GLOBAL ENERGY-RELATED CARBON DIOXIDE EMISSIONS BY REGION, THROUGH 2008 (MILLION TONS CARBON EQUIVALENT/YEAR)
    • NORTH AMERICA
      • The U.S.
      • Canada
      • Mexico
    • EUROPE
    • ASIA
    • REST OF WORLD
• INDUSTRY STRUCTURE AND COMPETITIVE ASPECTS
  • INTRODUCTION
  • THE CARBON DIOXIDE BUSINESS
    • MARKETING/SUPPORT SERVICES
    • CYLINDER MANAGEMENT AND LOGISTICS SYSTEMS
    • APPLICATIONS TRAINING
    • COMPLIANCE MANAGEMENT
    • E-BUSINESS
  • INDUSTRY STRUCTURE AND CHARACTERISTICS
    • CONCENTRATED INDUSTRY STRUCTURE
  • Table 11 LEADING PLAYERS IN THE MERCHANT INDUSTRIAL GASES MARKETS, 2003
    • Concentrated Industry Structure (Continued)
    • REGIONAL DIVERSIFICATION OF INDUSTRIAL GASES, MAJOR PLAYERS, AND MERCHANT CARBON DIOXIDE SALES AND FORECAST
  • Table 12 WORLD MERCHANT CARBON DIOXIDE SALES AND FORECAST BY REGION, THROUGH 2008 ($ BILLIONS)
  • Table 13 INDUSTRIAL GASES MARKETS BY COMPANY/REGION, 2003 (%)
    • EARNINGS
    • PROFITABILITY
    • IMPORTANT SHIFTS
      • PRICE INCREASES
      • CAPACITY UTILIZATION
      • CHANGES IN THE PACKAGED CYLINDER BUSINESS
  • Table 14 INDUSTRIAL GASES MARKETS BY SUPPLY CHAIN/REGION (%)
    • ENERGY AND THE ENVIRONMENT
    • THE PLAYERS
    • THE EUROPEAN UNION
    • SHIFT BY THE WORLD BANK TO INVEST MORE IN GAS PROJECTS
    • MARKET ENTRY AND BARRIERS
    • PRODUCTS AND CUSTOMERS
    • ENGINEERING CAPABILITIES AND TECHNOLOGICAL EXPERTISE
    • MARKET SEGMENTS AND SECTOR DRIVERS/TRENDS
      • MARKET SEGMENTATION
  • Table 15 GLOBAL MERCHANT CARBON DIOXIDE SALES BY APPLICATION, THROUGH 2008 ($ BILLIONS)
    • Enhanced Oil Recovery
    • Chemical Processing
    • Metals Manufacturing and Fabrication
    • Food Processing, Agriculture, and Beverage Carbonation
    • Other End-Use Market Segments
      • Pulp and Paper
      • Medical
      • Electronics
    • SECTOR DRIVERS/TRENDS
      • Health Care
        • Pure Medical Drug Gases
        • Medical Drug Gas Mixtures
        • Medical Device Gas Mixtures
      • Bulk Gases
      • Gas-Distribution Equipment
      • Cryogenic Products
      • Safety Products
    • TREND TOWARD TONNAGE CONTRACTS
      • Trend Toward Tonnage Contracts (Continued)
  • Table 16 INDUSTRIAL GASES COMPANY SALES BY SUPPLY METHOD, 2003 (%)
    • CONSOLIDATION PROCESS
    • COMPETITIVE RATES OF CARBON DIOXIDE RECOVERY AND UTILIZATION BUSINESS
    • SUPPLYING CARBON DIOXIDE TO CUSTOMERS
      • RECOVERY/CAPTURE ECONOMICS FROM PURGE GAS/OFFGAS STREAMS
  • Table 17 CHARACTERISTIC PLANTS, SUMMERIZED CARBON DIOXIDE CONTENT, FLOW RATE, AND COST OF CAPTURE FROM VARIOUS PURGE/OFFGASES STREAMS
    • Power Generation
      • Power Plant Efficiencies
  • Table 18 POWER PLANT EFFICIENCY COMPARISON
    • Cost of Carbon Dioxide Capture
      • Cost of Carbon Dioxide Capture
  • Table 19 THE COST OF CARBON DIOXIDE CAPTURE IN POWER GENERATION - VARIOUS POWER GENERATION PLANT COMPARISONS
  • Table 20 CHARACTERISTICS OF POWER PLANTS WITH AND WITHOUT CO2 CAPTURE
  • Table 20 (CONTINUED)
  • Table 21 CHARACTERISTICS OF SPECULATIVE POWER PLANTS WITH AND WITHOUT CO2 CAPTURE
    • Combined-Cycle Power Plant Trends
    • Market Development
  • Table 22 GLOBAL TRENDS IN POWER PLANT MARKET, SHARES BY REGION, 1994-2009* (%)
  • Table 23 GLOBAL TRENDS IN POWER PLANT MARKET, SHARE BY PLANT TYPE, 1994-2009* (%)
    • Competitive Forces
    • Power Market Liberalization
    • Industrial Cogeneration
      • Iron and Steel
      • Cement Production
      • Fuels Supply
        • Natural Gas Processing
        • Upgrading of Heavy Crude and Unconventional Oil Resources
        • Fischer-Tropsch Conversion of Gas and Coal to Liquids
        • Hydrogen Production
  • Table 24 THE COST OF PRODUCING HYDROGEN ($ PER GIGAJOULE)
    • Europe vs. the U.S.
    • THIRD-PARTY CARBON DIOXIDE MERCHANT SUPPLIERS - THE BUY CASE
      • Source Reliability
        • Purity of Source
        • Distance from Source to End User
    • BUILDING A NEW FACILITY
      • CAPITAL INVESTMENT PER TON OF PRODUCT
  • Table 25 SOURCES OF CO2 FOR PLANT INVESTMENT
  • Table 26 CAPACITIES OF CO2 FOR PLANT INVESTMENT
    • OPERATING COST PER TON OF PRODUCT
  • Table 27 CAPACITIES OF CO2 FOR PLANT INVESTMENT
    • CO2 EOR COSTS
    • CARBON DIOXIDE PROJECT ECONOMICS
    • MARKET DRIVERS AND TRENDS
      • LOWER QUALITY CRUDE OIL
      • ENVIRONMENTAL LEGISLATION
      • POWER INDUSTRY DEREGULATION
      • AGING AND INEFFICIENT FACILITIES
      • TECHNOLOGY
      • NEW APPLICATIONS
        • CO2 Sequestering
        • Market Impact of Steam, Gas, and Power Production
        • Benefits of Reduced CO2 Production Through Steam and Power Integration - Improved Environmental Performance
    • BUSINESS EVALUATION OF GASIFICATION AND STEAM METHANE REFORMING FOR CARBON DIOXIDE PRODUCTION
      • COGENERATION
      • ECONOMICS OF CARBON DIOXIDE PRODUCTION BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION
  • Table 28 ECONOMICS FOR CO2 CO-PRODUCTION USING GASIFICATION AND STEAM REFORMING
  • Table 29 CARBON DIOXIDE PRODUCTION PROJECT JUSTIFICATION
    • COST REDUCTION IN THE CARBON DIOXIDE PRODUCTION/UTILIZATION CHAIN
      • CHEMICAL CONVERSION COMPETITIVE ASPECTS
  • Figure 5 THE MERCHANT CARBON DIOXIDE DISTRIBUTION CHAIN
  • Figure 6 CHEMICAL CONVERSION-FEEDS AND PRODUCTS
    • Competing Feedstocks
    • COMPETING POWER-GENERATION FUEL COSTS AND CO2 EMISSIONS BY FUEL AND POWER PLANT TYPE
  • Table 30 COMPETITIVE POWER GENERATION FEEDSTOCK PRICES, THROUGH 2008 ($/MMBtu)
    • NATURAL GAS
    • LOW-VALUE REFINERY OFFGAS
    • COAL
    • HEAVY RESIDUES AND PETROLEUM COKE
    • NAPHTHA
    • MUNICIPAL WASTE
    • CRUDE OIL
    • ELECTRICITY (OFF-PEAK)
    • CARBON DIOXIDE EMISSIONS BY FUEL TYPE
  • Figure 7 THE AMOUNT OF CO2 PRODUCED VARIANCE WITH FUEL TYPE (KG CO2/CJ)
  • Figure 8 CARBON DIOXIDE PRODUCTION BY TYPE OF POWER PLANT (CO2 EMISSION, G/KWH)
  • Table 31 REMAINING RECOVERABLE HYDROCARBONS AND THEIR CARBON CONTENT
    • NATURAL GAS, CRUDE OIL, AND COAL PRICE FRAGMENTAION
  • Table 32 AVERAGE NATURAL GAS, CRUDE OIL, AND COAL PRICE, AND DIFFERENTIAL, 2000-2003
    • AECO PRICE
    • NYMEX
    • WTI
      • WTI/Bow River Differential
      • WTI/Orient Differential (Ecuador)
    • PRB COAL PRICES
    • REC PRICES
    • INTERNATIONAL CURRENCY EXCHANGE RATES
  • Table 33 AVERAGE CURRENCY EXCHANGE RATES, 2000-2003
    • CHEMICALS/SPECIALTY CHEMICALS COMPANIES
  • Table 34 FINANCIAL REPORTS FOR MAJOR CHEMICALS COMPANIES, 2000-2003
  • Table 34 (CONTINUED)
  • Table 34 (CONTINUED)
    • PHARMACEUTICAL COMPANIES
  • Table 35 FINANCIAL REPORTS FOR THE MAJOR PHARMACEUTICAL COMPANIES, 2000-2003
  • Table 35 (CONTINUED)
    • BIOPHARMACEUTICAL COMPANIES
  • Table 36 FINANCIAL REPORTS FOR THE MAJOR BIOPHARMACEUTICAL COMPANIES, 2000-2003
    • RENEWABLE ENERGY COMPANIES
  • Table 37 FINANCIAL REPORTS FOR THE MAJOR RENEWABLE ENERGY COMPANIES, 2000-2003
    • POWER GENERATION COMPANIES
  • Table 38 FINANCIAL REPORTS FOR THE MAJOR POWER GENERATION COMPANIES, 2000-2003
    • ELECTRONICS COMPANIES
  • Table 39 FINANCIAL REPORTS FOR THE MAJOR ELECTRONICS COMPANIES, 2000-2003
    • METALLURGY/MINING COMPANIES
  • Table 40 FINANCIAL REPORTS FOR THE MAJOR METALLURGY/MINING COMPANIES, 2000-2003
    • ENHANCED OIL RECOVERY COMPANIES
      • Enhanced Oil Recovery Companies (Continued)
      • Enhanced Oil Recovery Companies (Continued)
  • Table 41 U.S. AND CANADIAN-BASED OIL AND GAS FIRMS REVENUES, 2000-2003 ($ MILLIONS)
    • SERVICE SUPPLY COMPANIES
  • Table 42 REVENUES FOR THE WORLDS TOP SERVICE-SUPPLY COMPANIES, 2000-2003 ($ MILLIONS)
• MERCHANT CARBON DIOXIDE DEMAND BY PRODUCT TYPE
  • INTRODUCTION
  • PRODUCTS SLATE
  • Table 43 GLOBAL CARBON DIOXIDE UTILIZATION BY PRODUCT, THROUGH 2008 ($ BILLIONS)
    • CARBON DIOXIDE GAS
    • SOLID/LIQUID CARBON DIOXIDE
      • Liquid
  • Table 44 GLOBAL SOLID AND LIQUID CARBON DIOXIDE DEMAND BY MARKET VALUE, THROUGH 2008 ($ BILLIONS)
    • Solid
      • Block
      • Pellet
  • Table 45 GLOBAL CARBON DIOXIDE DEMAND BY TYPE OF SOLID PRODUCT, THROUGH 2008 ($ BILLIONS)
• MERCHANT CO2 DEMAND BY PRODUCT/APPLICATION
  • INTRODUCTION
    • INTRODUCTION (CONTINUED)
    • LIQUID AND SOLID CARBON DIOXIDE DEMAND BY APPLICATION
  • Table 46 GLOBAL LIQUID/SOLID CARBON DIOXIDE UTILIZATION BY APPLICATION, THROUGH 2008 ($ BILLIONS)
  • Table 47 WORLD LIQUID AND SOLID CARBON DIOXIDE DEMAND BY APPLICATION, 2000-2008 (%)
    • CHEMICAL INDUSTRY
    • METAL INDUSTRY
    • PLASTICS INDUSTRY
    • FOOD INDUSTRY
    • PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRY
    • BEVERAGE INDUSTRY
    • MEDICAL APPLICATIONS
    • CLEANING SYSTEMS
    • OIL AND GAS RECOVERY
    • MISCELLANEOUS
    • CARBON DIOXIDE GAS DEMAND BY APPLICATION
  • Table 48 GLOBAL CARBON DIOXIDE GAS UTILIZATION BY APPLICATION, THROUGH 2008 ($ BILLIONS)
  • Table 49 WORLD GAS CARBON DIOXIDE DEMAND BY APPLICATION, 2000-2008 (%)
    • FIREFIGHTING
    • AGRICULTURE
    • ENHANCED OIL AND GAS RECOVERY
    • CHEMICAL MANUFACTURE
• DEMAND BY TECHNOLOGY
  • INTRODUCTION
  • CARBON DIOXIDE DEMAND BY MANUFACTURING PLANT TECHNOLOGY
  • Table 50 CARBON DIOXIDE DEMAND BY MANUFACTURING PLANT TECHNOLOGY TYPE, THROUGH 2008 ($ BILLIONS)
    • LIQUEFYING CO2 FROM HIGH-PURITY SOURCES
    • RECOVERING CO2 FROM NATURAL SOURCES
    • CARBON DIOXIDE DEMAND BY RECOVERY/PURIFICATION TECHNOLOGY
  • Table 51 WORLD CARBON DIOXIDE DEMAND BY RECOVERY TECHNOLOGY, THROUGH 2008 ($ BILLIONS)
    • MEMBRANE TECHNOLOGY
    • ADSORPTION
    • ABSORPTION
    • CRYOGENIC, LOW-TEMPERATURE DISTILLATION
    • OTHER TECHNIQUES
    • CARBON DIOXIDE DEMAND BY PURITY
  • Table 52 WORLD CARBON DIOXIDE DEMAND BY PURITY, THROUGH 2008 ($ BILLIONS)
    • RESEARCH GRADE (99.9999%)
    • ULTRA-HIGH-PURITY GRADE/INSTRUMENT GRADE (99.999%)
    • HIGH-PURITY GRADE/PROCESS GRADE (99.0% TO 99.998%)
    • CARBON DIOXIDE DEMAND BY DISTRIBUTION TECHNOLOGY
  • Table 53 WORLD CARBON DIOXIDE DEMAND BY DISTRIBUTION CHANNEL TECHNOLOGY, THROUGH 2008 ($ BILLIONS)
    • BULK SHIPMENTS
    • PACKAGED CYLINDERS
    • PIPELINES
    • DEMAND FOR CO2 EMISSION-MONITORING EQUIPMENT TECHNOLOGY
  • Table 54 TOTAL DEMAND FOR CO2-MONITORING EQUIPMENT BY TYPE, THROUGH 2008 (MILLION TONS CARBON EQUIVALENT)
    • NDIR
    • GFC
• THE GLOBAL CARBON CYCLE
  • INTRODUCTION
  • Figure 9 THE GLOBAL CARBON CYCLE (BILLION TONS CARBON; GTC)
  • Table 55 POTENTIAL AND COST OF VARIOUS U.S. CO2 MITIGATION OPTIONS
    • GLOBAL CARBON RESERVOIRS AND ATMOSPHERIC CARBON DIOXIDE CONCENTRATION
  • Table 56 GLOBAL CARBON RESERVOIRS
  • Table 57 GLOBAL CARBON DIOXIDE ANNUAL INCREASE IN THE ATMOSPHERE, THROUGH 2008 (GIGATONS OF CARBON)
    • PRODUCTION
      • NATURAL CO2 PRODUCTION
  • Table 58 GLOBAL NATURAL CARBON DIOXIDE PRODUCTION, THROUGH 2008 (GIGATONS OF CARBON)
    • Plant Respiration
    • Decay of Residues
    • Ocean Release
    • MAN-MADE CO2 PRODUCTION
  • Table 59 GLOBAL MAN-MADE CARBON DIOXIDE PRODUCTION, THROUGH 2008 (GIGATONS CARBON)
    • Changing Land Use
    • Fossil Fuels
    • ABSORBTION
  • Table 60 GLOBAL CARBON DIOXIDE ABSORPTION, THROUGH 2008 (GIGATONS CARBON)
    • NATURAL CO2 ABSORBTION
  • Table 61 GLOBAL NATURAL CARBON DIOXIDE ABSORPTION SINK, THROUGH 2008 (GIGATONS CARBON)
    • Photosynthesis
    • Ocean Uptake
    • Ecosystem
    • HUMAN CO2 ABSORPTION - UTILIZATION AS AN INDUSTRIAL GAS
  • Table 62 HUMAN-MADE GLOBAL CARBON DIOXIDE ABSORPTION BY APPLICATION SECTOR, THROUGH 2008 (GIGATONS CARBON)
    • Food Processing and Beverage Carbonation
    • Chemicals
    • Metal-Working
    • Enhanced Oil Recovery
    • Miscellaneous
• CO2 MANAGEMENT AND EMISSIONS-REDUCTION STRATEGIES
  • INTRODUCTION
  • NEW EVIDENCE OF GLOBAL WARMING
  • ATMOSPHERIC CARBON DIOXIDE
  • Table 63 GLOBAL CARBON DIOXIDE BALANCE, THROUGH 2008 (GIGATONS CARBON)
    • ENERGY-RELATED CARBON DIOXIDE EMISSIONS BY END-USE SECTOR
  • Table 64 GLOBAL ENERGY-RELATED CO2 EMISSIONS BY SOURCE SECTOR, THROUGH 2008 (MILLION TONS CARBON EQUIVALENT)
    • TRANSPORTATION SECTOR CO2 EMISSIONS
    • INDUSTRIAL SECTOR CO2 EMISSIONS
    • BUILDINGS SECTOR CO2 EMISSIONS
    • ELECTRICAL SECTOR CO2 EMISSIONS
    • METHODS TO REDUCE MAN-MADE CO2 EMISSIONS
      • POPULATION
  • Table 65 HISTORICAL WORLD POPULATION AND ENERGY USE, 1853-2008
  • Table 66 HISTORICAL GROWTH RATES, 1850-2008 (%)
    • STANDARD OF LIVING (GDP/PERSON)
  • Table 67 MORE-RECENT DISTRIBUTION OF WORLD POPULATION, WEALTH (GDP), ENERGY USE, AND STANDARD OF LIVING, 2003
    • ENERGY EFFICIENCY (ENERGY/UNIT GDP)
  • Figure 10 THE EMERGING HYDROGEN ECONOMY
  • Table 68 MORE-RECENT WORLD DISTRIBUTION OF POPULATION, WEALTH (GNP), AND ENERGY EFFICIENCY, 2003
    • Efficient Energy Technologies
    • Biofuels
    • Proton-Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells
    • Industrial Sector
    • The Buildings Sector
    • CLEAN ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES
      • High-Efficiency Coal-Fueled Power Plants
      • Advances in Natural Gas Turbines
      • Fuel Cells
      • Photovoltaic (PV) Cells
      • Nuclear Power Plants
        • Reactor Design Review Status
    • CARBON INTENSITIES
  • Table 69 GLOBAL ENERGY-RELATED CARBON DIOXIDE EMISSION BY REGION, THROUGH 2008 (MILLION TONS CARBON EQUIVALENT)
    • NORTH AMERICA
      • U.S.
        • Global Climate Change Initiative
        • Climate VISION
        • Climate Change Action Plan
        • Carbon Sequestration Partnerships
      • Canada
        • Future Kyoto Requirements
      • Mexico
  • Table 70 CARBON INTENSITIES IN NORTH AMERICAN COUNTRIES, THROUGH 2008 (METRIC TONS CARBON EQUIVALENT PER THOUSAND 1997 DOLLARS OF GDP)
    • EUROPE
  • Table 71 CARBON INTENSITIES IN SELECTED EUROPEAN COUNTRIES, PER REGION, THROUGH 2008 (METRIC TONS CARBON EQUIVALENT PER THOUSAND 1997 DOLLARS OF GDP)
    • ASIA
  • Table 72 CARBON INTENSITIES IN SELECTED ASIAN COUNTRIES, PER REGION, THROUGH 2008 (METRIC TONS CARBON EQUIVALENT PER THOUSAND 1997 DOLLARS OF GDP)
    • Australia
    • Japan
    • China
    • India
    • South Korea
    • ROW
      • Brazil
  • Table 73 CARBON INTENSITIES IN BRAZIL, THROUGH 2008 (METRIC TONS CARBON EQUIVALENT PER THOUSAND 1997 DOLLARS OF GDP)
    • South Africa
    • ENERGY MIX
  • Figure 11 SHARES OF WORLD CARBON DIOXIDE EMISSIONS BY REGION AND FUEL TYPE
    • CARBON DIOXIDE SEQUESTRATION (CO2/UNIT ENERGY)
      • ENHANCING NATURAL TERRESTRIAL CYCLES
      • UNDERGROUND AND OCEAN SEQUESTRATION
  • Table 74 CARBON DIOXIDE SEQUESTRATION POTENTIAL BY GEOLOGIC APPROACH
    • Underground and Ocean Sequestration (Continued)
    • Deep Ocean
  • Figure 12 SKETCH OF A SOUTH-NORTH SECTION THROUGH THE NORTH SEA
    • Enhanced Oil Recovery
  • Table 75 CO2 UTILIZATION IN ENHANCED OIL RECOVERY BY SOURCE, THROUGH 2008 ($ BILLIONS)
    • Naturally Occurring
    • Anthropogenic
    • Enhanced Coal Bed Methane
    • Deep Saline Formations
    • Exhausted Oil and Gas Wells
    • CARBON SEQUESTRATION BY TERRESTRIAL APPROACHES
  • Table 76 CARBON DIOXIDE SEQUESTRATION POTENTIAL BY TERRESTRIAL APPROACH (GIGATONS CARBON)
    • CARBON DIOXIDE EMISSIONS REDUCTION BY POLICY APPROACHES
  • Table 77 COMMONLY PROPOSED CO2-REDUCTION POLICIES
  • Table 78 SAMPLE POLICIES AND MEASURES TO REDUCE GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS IN ANNEX I COUNTRIES
    • NORTH AMERICA
    • EUROPE
    • ASIA
    • CARBON DIOXIDE MONITORING AND VERIFICATION APPROACHES
      • UNDERGROUND CARBON DIOXIDE MONITORING
        • Detectors Lowered into Wells
        • Geophysical Techniques
        • Seismic Monitoring
        • Compliance Monitoring
        • Measuring Volcanic Gases: Continuous On-Site Gas Monitoring
        • Space-Based Tropospheric CO2 Monitoring
      • OCEAN CARBON DIOXIDE DISPOSAL MONITORING
      • SIMULATION
• TECHNOLOGY
  • INTRODUCTION
  • Figure 13 CARBON DIOXIDE RECOVERY AND UTILIZATION, INCLUDING CARBON MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES
    • REFORMING TECHNOLOGIES
      • ADIABATIC PRE-REFORMING
      • TUBULAR (PRIMARY) REFORMING
      • ADVANCED REFORMING
      • SULFUR-PASSIVATED REFORMING
      • AUTOTHERMAL REFORMING
      • TWO-STEP REFORMING OR COMBINED TUBULAR/SECONDARY REFORMING
      • HEAT EXCHANGE REFORMING
      • CARBON DIOXIDE REFORMING OF METHANE
    • NONCATALYTIC PARTIAL OXIDATION TECHNOLOGY
      • COAL GASIFICATION TECHNOLOGY
    • SHIFT CONVERSION AND METHANATION TECHNOLOGY
      • SHIFT CONVERSION
      • METHANATION
    • FERMENTATION TECHNOLOGY
  • Figure 14 CORN MILLING PROCESS TECHNOLOGIES
    • CARBON DIOXIDE CAPTURE AND RECOVERY TECHNOLOGY
  • Table 79 POWER GENERATION EXHAUST GAS RATES AND CO2 FLUE GAS DATA
  • Figure 15 FLUOR DANIEL ECONAMINE SYSTEM FOR CO2 MANUFACTURE
    • INLET COOLING TECHNOLOGY
    • COMPRESSION TECHNOLOGY
    • OXIDATION TECHNOLOGY
    • AFTERCOOLING TECHNOLOGY
    • RECOVERY TECHNOLOGY
    • DRYING TECHNOLOGY
    • CONDENSING TECHNOLOGY
    • DISTILLATION TECHNOLOGY
    • SUBCOOLING TECHNOLOGY
    • STORAGE AND LOADING TECHNOLOGY
    • REFRIGERATION TECHNOLOGY
      • Block Presses
      • Pelletizers
      • CO2 Recovery System for Presses and Pelletizers
      • Dry-Ice Vapor Recovery
    • CARBON DIOXIDE DISTRIBUTION CHANNEL TECHNOLOGY
      • ON-SITE CARBON DIOXIDE PRODUCION TECHNOLOGY
      • BULK LIQUID DELIVERY AND STORAGE
      • MICROBULK GAS-DELIVERY SYSTEM
      • HIGH-PRESSURE GAS DELIVERY AND STORAGE TECHNOLOGY
      • MOBIL CARBON DIOXIDE PUMPING UNITS
      • PIPELINES
      • SHIP TANKERS
  • Table 80 LOGISTICS OF TANKER TRANSPORTATION OF CO2
    • ECONOMICS OF CO2 MANUFACTURE TECHNOLOGY (CAPTURE, COMPRESSION, DRYING, AND DISTRIBUTION)
  • Table 81 SPECIFIC INVESTMENT COST OF AMINE-BASED CO2 ABSORPTION PROCESS
  • Table 82 COST OF CO2 CAPTURE, COMPRESSION, AND DRYING
  • Figure 16 SUPPLY CURVE OF CO2 IN THE NETHERLANDS
  • Table 83 CAPACITY OF CO2 SOURCE, PIPELINE DIAMETER, AND COST PER TON CO2 TRANSPORTED (IR 5%, ECONOMIC LIFETIME 20 YEARS)
    • ECONOMICS OF CO2 MANUFACTURE(CONTINUED)
  • Figure 17 INCREMENTAL RATES OF RETURN FOR PERMIAN BASIN PROJECTS
  • Table 84 CAPITAL COST OF PIPELINES FOR TRANSMISSION OF CO2 ($ MILLIONS/YEAR)
  • Table 85 OPERATING COST FOR TRANSMISSION OF CO2 BY PIPELINES ($ MILLIONS/YEAR)
  • Table 86 COST FOR TRANSMISSION OF CO2 BY PIPELINES ($ MILLIONS/YEAR)
    • CATALYSTS TECHNOLOGY
      • CATALYSTS FOR CARBON DIOXIDE PRODUCTION
        • Reformation/Partial Oxidation
        • Carbon Monoxide Conversion
        • Methanation
        • Ammonia Synthesis
    • CARBON DIOXIDE SEQUESTRATION TECHNOLOGY
  • Table 87 ANTHROPOGENIC (MAN-MADE) CO2 FLOODS
  • Table 88 SCREENING CRITERIA FOR GAS-ENHANCED OIL RECOVERY TECHNOLOGY
  • Table 89 FIFTEEN-YEAR RESOURCE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE U.S. CARBON SEQUESTRATION PROGRAM, 2000-2015
    • ENHANCED OIL RECOVERY TECHNOLOGY
  • Figure 18 SCHEMATIC OF ENHANCED OIL RECOVERY TECHNOLOGY
    • UNDERGROUND CO2 STORAGE TECHNOLOGY
      • Suitable Geologic Reservoirs for CO2 Storage
        • Saline Aquifers
  • Table 90 OBJECTIVES AND SCHEDULE OF THE CO2-INJECTION FIELD EXPERIMENT
    • Depleted Oil and Gas Fields
    • Coal Seams and Enhanced Coal Bed Methane Recovery
    • Oil Shales
    • Mafic Rock Bodies
    • GEOLOGY
      • Reservoir Heterogeneity
      • Sealing
      • Interactions Among Brine, Rock, and Gas
      • Geomicrobiological Interactions
      • Analogs
    • SEQUESTRATION COSTS AND POTENTIAL
  • Figure 19 CO2 SEQUESTRATION CAPACITY OF OIL AND GAS FIELDS
  • Table 91 CO2 SEQUESTRATION POTENTIAL
    • CO2 CAPTURE PROJECT
  • Table 92 R&D STUDIES SUPPORTED BY THE CO2 CAPTURE PROJECT
    • CARBON DIOXIDE EMISSIONS REDUCTIONS: POTENTIAL IMPACTS OF ENERGY-EFFICIENT AND LOW-CARBON TECHNOLOGIES BY 2008 AND BEYOND
  • Table 93 POTENTIAL ANNUAL REDUCTIONS IN CARBON EMISSIONS AS A RESULT OF ENERGY-EFFICIENT TECHNOLOGIES, THROUGH 2008 (MILLION TONS CARBON EQUIVALENT)
    • RESIDENTIAL AND COMMERCIAL BUILDINGS
      • Adoption of Residential Model Energy Codes
      • Commercial High-Efficiency Lamps and Electronic Ballasts
    • UTILITY SUPPLY
      • Replacement of Failed Steam Traps in Industrial Processes
    • INDUSTRY
      • Investing in Industrial Insulation Opportunities
    • TRANSPORTATION
      • Smoking Vehicles
      • Reducing Traffic
    • ELECTRIC POWER GENERATION AND CO2 CAPTURE TECHNIQUES
      • GAS TURBINES
        • Gas Turbines (Continued)
      • RECIPROCATING ENGINES
      • CO2 CAPTURE
  • Table 94 CO2 CONCENTRATIONS
  • Figure 20 CARBON DIOXIDE CAPTURE ROUTES AND MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES
    • Post-Combustion Capture Technology
  • Figure 21 GAS TURBINE COMBINED CYCLE WITH POST- COMBUSTION CAPTURE OF CO2
    • Pre-Combustion Capture Technology
  • Figure 22 COAL-FIRED INTEGRATED GASIFICATION COMBINED-CYCLE (IGCC) WITH PRE-COMBUSTION CAPTURE OF CO2
    • Fuel Cells
  • Figure 23 SCHEMATIC FLOW DIAGRAM FOR THE ELECTRIC POWER PRODUCTION ALTERNATIVE USING MOLTEN CARBONATE FUEL CELLS (MCFS)
    • Coal-to-Electricity Power Plant with Zero Emissions
  • Figure 24 ZECA SCHEMATIC OF A COAL-TO-ELECTRICITY POWER PLANT WITH ZERO EMISSIONS
    • Oxyfuel Combustion
      • Oxyfuel Combustion (Continued)
  • Figure 25 ION-TRANSPORT OXYGEN AND POWER-GENERATION CYCLE
    • TECHNIQUE FOR HARVESTING ENERGY FROM WASTE HEAT AND REDUCING CO2 EMISSIONS
  • Figure 26 REDUCING GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS USING ENHANCED COALBED METHANE
    • HYDROGEN EXTRACTION WITHOUT CO2
    • HEALTH AND SAFETY ISSUES
    • HEALTH AND SAFETY ISSUES (CONTINUED)
    • SAFETY
    • OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND HYGIENE
    • ENVIRONMENT
    • QUALITY
    • TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT
  • Table 95 TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENTS
  • Table 95 (CONTINUED)
  • Table 95 (CONTINUED)
  • Table 95 (CONTINUED)
  • Table 95 (CONTINUED)
  • Table 95 (CONTINUED)
    • PRODUCT DEVELOPMENTS/IMPORTANT APPROACHES
  • Table 96 PRODUCT DEVELOPMENTS/IMPORTANT APPROACHES
  • Table 96 (CONTINUED)
  • Table 96 (CONTINUED)
  • Table 96 (CONTINUED)
    • PROCESS/APPLICATIONS
  • Table 97 PROCESSES/APPLICATIONS
  • Table 97 (CONTINUED)
  • Table 97 (CONTINUED)
    • NEW TECHNOLOGIES FOR CO2 SEQUESTRATION, UTILIZATION, RECOVERY, AND EMISSIONS REDUCTION
      • Advanced CO2 Separation Technologies
        • Program Interests
      • Enhanced Coal Bed Methane CO2 Sequestration Technology
  • Figure 27 CO2-ENHANCED COAL BED METHANE PRODUCTION (STRAIGHT WELLS)
  • Figure 28 CANADA (ARC) ECBM PROJECT IN ALBERTA
    • Deep Sea Carbon Dioxide Sequestration Technology
  • Figure 29 CATEGORIZATION OF VARIOUS DEEP-SEA CO2 SEQUESTRATION TECHNIQUES
    • Solid-Form Carbon Dioxide Sequestration Technology
  • Figure 30 MATERIAL FLOWS IN FOSSIL ENERGY PRODUCTION COMBINED WITH MINERALIZATION SEQUESTRATION
    • Underground Sequestration
    • Utilization of CO2 in Sandstone Acidizing
  • Figure 31 CONVENTIONAL ACID TREATMENTS: (A) NO CO2, AND (B) ACID INJECTION AFTER CO2
    • Liquid Carbon Dioxide Utilization for Degreasing of Metal Parts
    • NEW ENERGY-PRODUCTION AND UTILIZATION TECHNOLOGIES
      • Leaks and Spills Minimization
      • Fiscal and Tax Policies
      • Conversion Efficiency of Electric Power Plants
      • Clean Coal Technology
        • Ultrahigh-Temperature Coal Plants are More Efficient, Emit Much Less CO2
          • Ultrahigh-Temperature Coal (continued)
        • Zero-Emission Coal Power Plant
      • Power Plant Fuel Switching
      • Energy Intensity in the Industrial Sector
      • Energy-Efficient Technologies in the Residential and Commercial Sectors
      • Nonfiscal Policies
      • Deep Reductions in Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Fossil Fuels are Possible over the Next 50 to 100 Years
    • NEW TRANSPORTATION TECHNOLOGIES AND POLICIES
      • Automobile Efficiency
      • Switching to Less Carbon-Intensive Fuels
      • Renewable Energy Technologies
      • Maintenance and Operating Practices
      • Road Traffic Congestion Policies
        • Urban Planning to Encourage Low-Emissions Transport
      • Airline Traffic Congestion Policies
      • Capital Stock Turnover in Automobile and Aircraft Fleets
      • The Appropriate Mix of Policies
    • FUEL CELL TECHNOLOGY
      • Low-Temperature Fuel Cells
    • NEW CO2 RECOVERY TECHNOLOGY
    • NEW TECHNOLOGY APPROACHES TO FORESTRY AND AGRICULTURE
      • Forest Protection and Management
        • Storage Management
        • Sustainable Forest Management
      • Agricultural Soils
    • BIODIESEL TECHNOLOGY
  • Figure 32 TECHNOLOGICAL BIOMASS PLATFORMS
    • FINANCING ACTION UNDER THE CLIMATE CHANGE CONVENTION
      • The Conventions Financial Mechanism
      • The Global Environment Facility
        • The Global Environment Facility (Continued)
    • GLOBAL COOPERATION ON TECHNOLOGY
      • DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
      • TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER CHANNELS
        • The Role of the GEF in Advanced Technology Transfer
      • ACTIVITIES IMPLEMENTED JOINTLY
      • CAPACITY BUILDING
      • CLEAN DEVELOPMENT MECHANISM
  • Figure 33 CLEAN DEVELOPMENT MECHANISM PROJECT CYCLE
  • Table 98 EXAMPLES OF CANDIDATE CDM PROJECTS PRESENTED AT WORKSHOPS
    • NEW LIFE-STYLE OPTION FOR THE ECO-MINDED: CARBON-NEUTRAL
      • CURRENT HABITS
  • Table 99 THE AVERAGE AMOUNT OF CARBON DIOXIDE GENERATED PER YEAR (2004)
    • Direct Household Energy Use
    • Travel Use
    • Sustainable Use
    • CHANGING OUR HABITS
      • Home Use
      • Travel Energy Use
      • General Use
      • Incorporating Changes into Our Lifestyles
• PATENT EVALUATION
  • Table 100 RECENT U.S. PATENTS IN CO2 RECOVERY AND UTILIZATION, AND CARBON MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES
  • Table 100 (CONTINUED)
• RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
  • ENERGY-RELATED FUNDING ANNOUNCEMENTS FROM THE JOHANNESBURG SUMMIT
  • Table 101 ENERGY-RELATED FUNDING INITIATIVES FROM THE JOHANNESBURG SUMMIT
    • CARBON DIOXIDE APPLICATION ENVELOPES
      • PETROLEUM PRODUCTION AND REFINING TECHNOLOGY
        • Enhanced Oil Recovery Technology
          • EOR with CO2
          • Storage Capacity of Oil Reservoirs
          • CO2 EOR Limitations
      • FRESH MEAT PROCESSING AND SHIPPING TECHNOLOGY
      • FROZEN FOOD TRANSPORTATION TECHNOLOGY
      • SPIRAL AND TUNNEL FREEZER TECHNOLOGY
      • WATER TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY
      • SUPERCRITICAL GAS EXTRACTION TECHNOLOGY
      • LASER TECHNOLOGY
        • Composition of Laser Gases
        • Delivery of Laser Gases
        • Purity of Laser Gases
    • CARBON DIOXIDE RECOVERY AND UTILIZATION TECHNOLOGICAL CHALLENGES
      • CLEAN FUELS
      • BIOENERGY
      • STORAGE AND CONVERSION
      • SEPARATIONS
      • EFFICIENCY
      • AIR TRANSPORTATION
    • LEADERS IN RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT
      • BERKELEY LABORATORY EARTH SCIENCES DIVISION
        • More Energy from Gas and Coal
        • The Salt of the Earth
        • Cutting Costs
      • BLACKLIGHT POWER, INC.
      • CATALYTICA ENERGY SYSTEMS, INC.
      • CERAMIC FUEL CELLS. LTD.
      • CHEVRONTEXACO
      • CONVERGENCE RESEARCH
      • ECD OVONICS
      • EMEX CORP.
      • ENERGY, INTL.
      • ENERGY RESEARCH CO.
      • FUELCELL ENERGY, INC.
      • PACIFIC NORTHWEST NATIONAL LABORATORY
      • RLW ANALYTICS, INC.
      • THE SHATZ ENERGY RESEARCH CENTER
      • SUNPOWER
      • T/J TECHNOLOGIES, INC.
      • TRANS IONICS CORP.
      • UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS
        • Carbon Dioxide Flooding May Help Resurrect Old Oil Wells
          • How Does It Work?
        • GEO-SEQ
      • THE UNIVERSITY OF QUEENSLAND
    • OTHER COMPANY EXPERTISE IN CO2 RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
      • PRIVATE SECTOR COMPANIES INVOLVED IN CO2 RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
        • Advanced Resources, Intl.
        • Air Products and Chemicals, Inc.
        • Analytic Power Corp.
        • Archon Industries, Inc.
        • Bangkok Industrial Gas
        • Bawany Air Products, Ltd.
        • BOC Gases
        • British Petroleum, plc
        • Brymill Corp.
        • Cambridge Isotope Laboratories, Inc.
        • Cee Kay Supply
        • Central Glass
        • Chemgas
        • Cryogenic Rare Gas Laboratories, Inc.
        • Daido Sanso K.K.
        • Delille
        • Engelhard Process Chemicals
        • ENRG
        • Especial Gas
        • General Motors
        • Henderson International Technologies, Inc.
        • Holox
        • Honghua Specialty Gases
        • Hydrogen Systems NV
        • Intergas
        • Inwel Corp.
        • Inweld
        • IOI Corp. Berhad
        • Isotec, Inc.
        • JCI Jones Chemicals, Inc./JCI Milford
        • Johnson Matthey, plc
        • Kanoria Chemicals & Industries Group
        • Koatsu Gas Kogyo Co., Ltd.
        • Kyung In Gas
        • Linden
        • Matheson Gas Products
        • Mauna Loa Observatory
        • Millennium Cell, Inc.
        • Point Carbon
        • Pressure Dynamic Consultants, Inc.
        • Rockwell Automation
        • Sitt Tatt Industrial Gases
        • The Lincoln Electric Co.
        • Universal Industrial Gases, Inc.
        • Waste Management and Processors, Inc.
      • PUBLIC SECTOR, GOVERNMENTAL, AND EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS INVOLVED IN CO2 RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
        • The Southeast Regional Center of the National Institute for Global Environmental Change
        • Oak Ridge National Laboratory
        • The National Center for Atmospheric Research
        • U.S. Geological Survey Carbon Cycle Research
        • NASA-Goddard Institute for Space Studies
        • U.S. Department of Agriculture
          • U.S. Department of Agriculture (Continued)
• INTERNATIONAL CO2 TRADE AND BUSINESS OPPORTUNITIES
  • INTRODUCTION
    • THE KYOTO PROTOCOL
    • GOVERNMENT INCENTIVE PROGRAMS
  • THE MAJOR GLOBAL MERCHANT CARBON DIOXIDE PLAYERS
  • Table 102 WORLD MAJOR MERCHANT CARBON DIOXIDE PLAYERS BY MARKET VALUE, THROUGH 2003 ($ BILLIONS)
    • KINDER MORGAN
    • AIR LIQUIDE
      • Americas
      • Europe
      • Asia/Africa
    • PRAXAIR
      • North America and Europe
      • South America
      • Asia
    • AIR PRODUCTS
      • North America
      • Europe
      • Asia/South America
    • BOC
      • Americas
      • Europe
      • Africa/Asia
    • MESSER GRIESHEIM
      • Europe
      • South America
    • LINDE
      • North America/Europe
      • South America/Asia
    • NIPPON SANSO
    • AIRGAS
    • OTHERS
    • GLOBAL MERCHANT CARBON DIOXIDE DEMAND BY REGION
  • Table 103 WORLD MERCHANT CARBON DIOXIDE SALES BY REGION, THROUGH 2008 ($ BILLIONS)
    • NORTH AMERICA
    • EUROPE
    • ASIA
    • REST OF THE WORLD
    • GLOBAL MERCHANT CARBON DIOXIDE DEMAND BY APPLICATION
  • Table 104 GLOBAL MERCHANT CARBON DIOXIDE SALES BY APPLICATION, THROUGH 2008 ($ BILLIONS)
    • NORTH AMERICA
  • Table 105 NORTH AMERICA MERCHANT CARBON DIOXIDE SALES, THROUGH 2008 ($ BILLIONS)
    • Food Processing, Agriculture, and Beverage Carbonation
    • Chemicals
    • Metal Working
    • CO2 Enhanced Oil Recovery
  • Table 106 PLANNED CO2 EOR PROJECTS
    • Miscellaneous
    • EUROPE
  • Table 107 EUROPE MERCHANT CARBON DIOXIDE SALES BY APPLICATION, THROUGH 2008 ($ BILLIONS)
    • Food Processing, Agriculture, and Beverage Carbonation
    • Chemicals
    • Metal Working
    • Enhanced Oil Recovery
    • Miscellaneous
    • ASIA
  • Table 108 ASIA MERCHANT CARBON DIOXIDE SALES BY APPLICATION, THROUGH 2008 ($ BILLIONS)
    • Food Processing, Agriculture, and Beverage Carbonation
    • Chemicals
    • Metal Working
    • Enhanced Oil Recovery
    • Miscellaneous
    • REST OF THE WORLD
  • Table 109 REST OF WORLD MERCHANT CARBON DIOXIDE SALES BY APPLICATION, THROUGH 2008 ($ BILLIONS)
    • Food Processing, Agriculture, and Beverage Carbonation
    • Chemicals
    • Metal Working
    • Enhanced Oil Recovery
    • Miscellaneous
    • GLOBAL CARBON EMISSIONS TRADING/MARKET BY REGION
      • GLOBAL CARBON EMISSIONS(CONTINUED)
  • Table 110 GREENHOUSE GAS CREDIT PRICES BY TRADING PROGRAM
  • Table 111 GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS TRADING BY REGION, THROUGH 2008 (MILLION TONS OF CARBON EQUIVALENT)
    • MAJOR BUYERS
    • LARGEST SELLERS
    • NORTH AMERICA
    • EUROPE
    • ASIA/REST OF THE WORLD
    • POTENTIAL OF CARBON TRADE FOR THE NATURAL GAS INDUSTRY
    • FACTORS AFFECTING MARKETS FOR CARBON EMISSIONS
      • FACTORS AFFECTING MARKETS(CONTINUED)
• COMPANY PROFILES
  • ASSOCIATIONS, MEMBERSHIP ORGANIZATIONS, AND AGENCIES
    • ALUMINIUM ASSOCIATION, THE
    • BIOCAP CANADA FOUNDATION
    • BLUE SOURCE, LLC
    • CALIFORNIA AIR RESOURCES BOARD
    • CALIFORNIA FUEL CELL PARTNERSHIP
    • CAMPDEN & CHORLEYWOOD FOOD RESEARCH
    • CANADIAN CLEAN POWER COALITION
    • CANADIAN HYDROGEN ASSOCIATION
    • CLIMATE VISION
    • ELECTRONICS MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION
    • EMISSION MARKETING ASSOCIATION, INTL.
    • EPRI
    • EVOLUTION MARKETS
    • FALCON ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES, INC.
    • GASES AND WELDING DISTRIBUTORS ASSOCIATION
    • GREENPEACE INTERNATIONAL
    • INTERNATIONAL EMISSIONS TRADING ASSOCIATION
    • NATIONAL HYDROGEN ASSOCIATION
    • NATIONAL MINING ASSOCIATION
    • OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH REVIEW COMMISSION
    • PARTNERSHIP FOR A NEW GENERATION OF VEHICLES
    • Partnership for a New Generation of Vehicles (Continued)
    • PARTNERSHIP FOR CLIMATE ACTION
    • SUSTAINABLE BUSINESS NETWORK - GREENFLEET
    • THE ASSOCIATION OF AMERICAN STEEL ENGINEERS
    • THE SYNTHETIC ORGANIC CHEMICAL MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION
    • TRANSIT COOPERATIVE RESEARCH PROGRAM
    • TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH BOARD
    • TRAVEL MATTERS
    • U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
    • U.S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY OFFICE OF FOSSIL ENERGY
    • U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
    • WALL STREET JOURNAL
    • WORLD BANK CARBON FINANCE BUSINESS
    • ZECA CORP.
  • CARBON DIOXIDE BLAST CLEANING
    • WICKENS INDUSTRIAL, LTD.
  • CARBON DIOXIDE RECOVERY/CAPTURE
    • CO2 CAPTURE TEST NETWORK
      • CO2 Capture Test Network (Continued)
    • CO2 CAPTURE PROJECT
    • CYNARA
    • FLUOR CORP.
    • MITSUBISHI HEAVY INDUSTRIES
    • TNO ENVIRONMENT, ENERGY AND PROCESS INNOVATION
  • CARBON DIOXIDE SEQUESTRATION AND MONITORING
    • ALBERTA RESEARCH COUNCIL
    • AMERICAN PETROLEUM INSTITUTE
    • CANADIAN ENERGY RESEARCH INSTITUTE
    • CHEVRONTEXACO INTEGRATED GASIFICATION COMBINED CYCLE PROGRAM
    • CO2E
    • DAKOTA GASIFICATION CO.
    • ENCANA CORP.
    • ENTERGY CORP.
    • INTERNATIONAL TEST CENTRE
    • KINDER MORGAN
    • ONTARIO POWER GENERATION
    • PETROLEUM TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH CENTRE
    • STATIOL
    • SUNCOR ENERGY
    • U.S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY SEQUESTRATION PROGRAM
  • CARBON DIOXIDE STORAGE VESSELS
    • INDUSTRIAL GAS STORAGE VESSELS & ENGINEERING SOLUTIONS
  • COMPONENT/EQUIPMENT MANUFACTURERS
    • ADVANCED TECHNOLOGIES, INC.
    • CHICAGO BRIDGE & IRON, NV
  • DISSOLVED CARBON DIOXIDE INSTRUMENTS AND AERATORS
    • ABS PUMPS, INC.
    • OCEAN OPTICS, INC.
  • ELECTRIC POWER GENERATION & TRANSMISSION
    • AES CORP.
    • AMERICAN ELECTRIC POWER CO.
    • CALPINE CORP.
    • DUKE ENERGY CORP.
    • E.ON AG
    • ELECTRABEL SA
    • ENDESA, SA
    • ENEL, SPA
    • FPL GROUP
    • GE ENERGY
    • IBERDROLA, SA
    • IDACORP TECHNOLOGIES, INC.
    • KANSAI ELECTRIC POWER CO., INC.
    • KOREA ELECTRIC POWER CORP.
    • NORSK HYDRO, ASA
    • SCOTTISH POWER, PLC
    • TALISMAN ENERGY, INC.
    • TECO POWER SERVICES CORP.
    • TOKYO ELECTRIC POWER CO.
    • WHISTLER INVESTMENTS, INC.
  • ENABLING TECHNOLOGIES PROVIDERS
    • ABB LUMMUS GLOBAL GMBH
    • AMEC PROCESS AND ENERGY, LTD.
    • BIOFRIENDLY CORP.
    • BRITISH PETROLEUM
    • CARBONSIM
    • CATALYTICA ADVANCED TECHNOLOGIES, INC.
    • ENERGY CONVERSION DEVICES
    • ENERGY INTERNATIONAL CORP.
    • ENGINEERED GAS SYSTEMS
    • FMC CORP.
    • GREAT LAKES CARBON INCOME FUND
    • HUNT RESEARCH FOUNDATION
    • IIT RESEARCH INSTITUTE
    • INEOS FLUOR
    • POWER ENERGY FUELS, INC.
    • QUESTAIR TECHNOLOGIES
    • SCIENCE APPLICATIONS INTL. CORP.
    • SHELL GLOBAL SOLUTIONS, INTL.
    • SIEMENS
    • STARTECH ENVIRONMENTAL CORP.
    • SYNETIX
    • TEXACO ENERGY SYSTEMS, INC.
    • U.S. MAGNEGAS, INC.
    • UOP, LLC
  • FABRICATION AND CONSTRUCTION
    • TECHNIP
  • LEADING GLOBAL PROVIDERS, INDEPENDENT ANALYSIS, MARKET INTELLIGENCE, AND FORECASTING
    • ENVIRONMENTAL SOFTWARE PROVIDERS (ESP)
    • ICF CONSULTING
    • NATIONAL ROUND TABLE ON THE ENVIRONMENT AND THE ECONOMY
    • PEW CENTRE ON GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE
    • PIONT CARBON
  • LICENSORS, CONTRACTORS, AND OPERATORS
    • ALCHEMIX CORP.
    • ALCOA, INC.
    • CHIYODA CORP.
    • ENERGETICS, INC.
    • ENGINEERED GAS SYSTEMS
    • FOSTER WHEELER CORP.
    • GENCOR INDUSTRIES, INC.
    • GREENFIELD COMPRESSION
    • HALDOR TOPSOE, A/S
    • HOWE-BAKER ENGINEERS, LTD.
    • KVAERNER, ASA
    • LURGI AG
    • M. W. KELLOG, LTD.
      • M. W. Kellog, Ltd. (continued)
    • STONE & WEBSTER
  • MERCHANT CO2 PRODUCERS AND DISTRIBUTORS
    • AIRGAS, INC.
    • AIR LIQUIDE GROUP
    • AIR PRODUCTS AND CHEMICALS, INC.
    • A-L COMPRESSED GASES
    • AMERICAN INDUSTRIAL & MEDICAL PRODUCTS, INC.
    • KYUNGIN GAS IND. CO., LTD.
    • LINDE AG
    • MESSER GRIESHEIM GMBH
    • MESSER NIPPON SANSO
    • MG INDUSTRIES
    • MITSUI CHEMICALS AMERICA, INC.
    • MITTLER SUPPLY
    • NIPPON SANSO CORP.
    • NUCO2, INC.
    • ORICA
    • PAIN ENTERPRISES
    • PRAXAIR, INC.
    • SPECIALTY GASES OF AMERICA
    • STUART ENERGY SYSTEMS
    • SUMITOMO SEIKA CHEMICALS CO., LTD.
    • TOROMONT PROCESS SYSTEMS, INC.
    • UTTAM AIR PRODUCTS PRIVATE, LTD.
    • VOLTAIX, INC.
    • WALLMAN DESENCE, LTD.
    • WHITE MARTINS, SA
  • UNIVERSITIES / RESEARCH / GOVERNMENT LABORATORIES
    • UNIVERSITY OF ALBERTA
    • ARGONNE NATIONAL LABORATORY
    • UNIVERSITY OF CINCINNATI
    • UNIVERSITY OF HOUSTON
    • IDAHO NATIONAL ENGINEERING AND ENVIRONMENTAL LABORATORY
    • UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS AT URBANA-CHAMPAIGN
    • INSTITUTE FRANCAIS DU PETROLE
    • UNIVERSITY OF KENTUCKY
    • LEHIGH UNIVERSITY
    • NATIONAL RENEWABLE ENERGY LABORATORY
    • OAK RIDGE NATIONAL LABORATORY
    • OFFICE OF INDUSTRIAL TECHNOLOGIES - U.S. DEPATMENT OF ENERGY
    • OFFICE OF PRODUCT MANAGEMENT FOR FUELS AND SPECIALTY MARKETS
    • PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIVERSITY
    • ROBERT GORDON UNIVERSITY
  • CHEMICAL AND PETROLEUM SUPPLIERS
    • BASF CORP.
    • DOW CHEMICAL CO.
    • DUPONT CANADA, INC.
    • EXXONMOBIL CORP.
    • IMPERIAL CHEMICALS INDUSTRIES, PLC
    • METHANEX CORP.
    • MIDREX TECHNOLOGIES, INC.
    • RENTECH, INC.
    • SASOL SYNFUELS INTL. (PTY), LTD.
    • SHELL HYDROGEN
    • SUN REFINING AND MARKETING CO.
    • SYNCRUDE CANADA, LTD.
    • SYNTROLEUM CORP.
    • THERMAL CONVERSION CORP.
    • USERS IN ELECTRONICS PRODUCTION AND PROCESSING
    • SKYWORKS SOLUTIONS, INC.
    • TRIQUINT SEMICONDUCTOR, INC.
    • VITESSE SEMICONDUCTOR CORP.
  • USERS IN LASERS
    • COHERENT, INC., LASER GROUP
    • POINT FOUR SYSTEMS
  • USERS IN LOW-CO2 EMISSION ENGINES
    • BMW OF NORTH AMERICA, LLC
    • DAIMLERCHRYSLER CORP.
    • GENERAL MOTORS CORP.
    • NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION
  • USERS IN METAL FABRICATION/PRODUCTION
    • AICHI STEEL WORKS
    • MACSTEEL
  • VENDORS
    • BETZDEARBORN HYDROCARBON PROCESS GROUP
    • COOPER INDUSTRIES CROUSE, HINDS DIVISION
    • CRYOFUEL SYSTEMS, INC.
    • ETS OSTRAVA, AS
    • FIBERCAST
    • PANAMETRICS, INC.
    • SIERRA MONITOR CORP.
    • THE TECHNOLOGY GROUP FOR GAS/SPEC
    • TRU-TEC SERVICES, INC.
    • VARIAN ASSOCIATES, INC.
• Summary Table: GLOBAL MERCHANT CARBON DIOXIDE UTILIZATION AND MANAGEMENT, THROUGH 2008
• Table 1 OVERVIEW OF POWER PLANT CAPITAL COST AND ELECTRICITY COST INCREASES
• Table 2 OVERVIEW OF CARBON DIOXIDE RECOVERY/CAPTURE TECHNOLOGIES
• Table 2 (CONTINUED)
• Table 2 (CONTINUED)
• Table 3 OVERVIEW OF CARBON DIOXIDE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
• Table 4 OVERVIEW OF MERCHANT GLOBAL CARBON DIOXIDE UTILIZATION BY SEGMENT, THROUGH 2008 ($ BILLIONS)
• Table 5 OVERVIEW OF GLOBAL CARBON DIOXIDE UTILIZATION BY PRODUCT, THROUGH 2008 ($ BILLIONS)
• Table 6 OVERVIEW OF TECHNOLOGICAL CARBON MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES
• Table 7 HIGHLIGHTS OF CCXS FIRST AUCTION OF CO2 EMISSION ALLOWANCES*, SEPTEMBER 30, 2003
• Table 8 OVERVIEW OF GLOBAL CARBON DIOXIDE ANNUAL INCREASE IN THE ATMOSPHERE, THROUGH 2008 (GIGATONS OF CARBON)
• Table 9 GROWTH IN MAJOR U.S. INDICES, 1999-2004 (%)
• Table 10 OVERVIEW OF GLOBAL ENERGY-RELATED CARBON DIOXIDE EMISSIONS BY REGION, THROUGH 2008 (MILLION TONS CARBON EQUIVALENT/YEAR)
• Table 11 LEADING PLAYERS IN THE MERCHANT INDUSTRIAL GASES MARKETS, 2003
• Table 12 WORLD MERCHANT CARBON DIOXIDE SALES AND FORECAST BY REGION, THROUGH 2008 ($ BILLIONS)
• Table 13 INDUSTRIAL GASES MARKETS BY COMPANY/REGION, 2003 (%)
• Table 14 INDUSTRIAL GASES MARKETS BY SUPPLY CHAIN/REGION (%)
• Table 15 GLOBAL MERCHANT CARBON DIOXIDE SALES BY APPLICATION, THROUGH 2008 ($ BILLIONS)
• Table 16 INDUSTRIAL GASES COMPANY SALES BY SUPPLY METHOD, 2003 (%)
• Table 17 CHARACTERISTIC PLANTS, SUMMERIZED CARBON DIOXIDE CONTENT, FLOW RATE, AND COST OF CAPTURE FROM VARIOUS PURGE/OFFGASES STREAMS
• Table 18 POWER PLANT EFFICIENCY COMPARISON
• Table 19 THE COST OF CARBON DIOXIDE CAPTURE IN POWER GENERATION - VARIOUS POWER GENERATION PLANT COMPARISONS
• Table 20 CHARACTERISTICS OF POWER PLANTS WITH AND WITHOUT CO2 CAPTURE
• Table 20 (CONTINUED)
• Table 21 CHARACTERISTICS OF SPECULATIVE POWER PLANTS WITH AND WITHOUT CO2 CAPTURE
• Table 22 GLOBAL TRENDS IN POWER PLANT MARKET, SHARES BY REGION, 1994-2009* (%)
• Table 23 GLOBAL TRENDS IN POWER PLANT MARKET, SHARE BY PLANT TYPE, 1994-2009* (%)
• Table 24 THE COST OF PRODUCING HYDROGEN ($ PER GIGAJOULE)
• Table 25 SOURCES OF CO2 FOR PLANT INVESTMENT
• Table 26 CAPACITIES OF CO2 FOR PLANT INVESTMENT
• Table 27 CAPACITIES OF CO2 FOR PLANT INVESTMENT
• Table 28 ECONOMICS FOR CO2 CO-PRODUCTION USING GASIFICATION AND STEAM REFORMING
• Table 29 CARBON DIOXIDE PRODUCTION PROJECT JUSTIFICATION
• Table 30 COMPETITIVE POWER GENERATION FEEDSTOCK PRICES, THROUGH 2008 ($/MMBTU)
• Table 31 REMAINING RECOVERABLE HYDROCARBONS AND THEIR CARBON CONTENT
• Table 32 AVERAGE NATURAL GAS, CRUDE OIL, AND COAL PRICE, AND DIFFERENTIAL, 2000-2003
• Table 33 AVERAGE CURRENCY EXCHANGE RATES, 2000-2003
• Table 34 FINANCIAL REPORTS FOR MAJOR CHEMICALS COMPANIES, 2000-2003
• Table 34 (CONTINUED)
• Table 34 (CONTINUED)
• Table 35 FINANCIAL REPORTS FOR THE MAJOR PHARMACEUTICAL COMPANIES, 2000-2003
• Table 35 (CONTINUED)
• Table 36 FINANCIAL REPORTS FOR THE MAJOR BIOPHARMACEUTICAL COMPANIES, 2000-2003
• Table 37 FINANCIAL REPORTS FOR THE MAJOR RENEWABLE ENERGY COMPANIES, 2000-2003
• Table 38 FINANCIAL REPORTS FOR THE MAJOR POWER GENERATION COMPANIES, 2000-2003
• Table 39 FINANCIAL REPORTS FOR THE MAJOR ELECTRONICS COMPANIES, 2000-2003
• Table 40 FINANCIAL REPORTS FOR THE MAJOR METALLURGY/MINING COMPANIES, 2000-2003
• Table 41 U.S. AND CANADIAN-BASED OIL AND GAS FIRMS REVENUES, 2000-2003 ($ MILLIONS)
• Table 42 REVENUES FOR THE WORLDS TOP SERVICE-SUPPLY COMPANIES, 2000-2003 ($ MILLIONS)
• Table 43 GLOBAL CARBON DIOXIDE UTILIZATION BY PRODUCT, THROUGH 2008 ($ BILLIONS)
• Table 44 GLOBAL SOLID AND LIQUID CARBON DIOXIDE DEMAND BY MARKET VALUE, THROUGH 2008 ($ BILLIONS)
• Table 45 GLOBAL CARBON DIOXIDE DEMAND BY TYPE OF SOLID PRODUCT, THROUGH 2008 ($ BILLIONS)
• Table 46 GLOBAL LIQUID/SOLID CARBON DIOXIDE UTILIZATION BY APPLICATION, THROUGH 2008 ($ BILLIONS)
• Table 47 WORLD LIQUID AND SOLID CARBON DIOXIDE DEMAND BY APPLICATION, 2000-2008 (%)
• Table 48 GLOBAL CARBON DIOXIDE GAS UTILIZATION BY APPLICATION, THROUGH 2008 ($ BILLIONS)
• Table 49 WORLD GAS CARBON DIOXIDE DEMAND BY APPLICATION, 2000-2008 (%)
• Table 50 CARBON DIOXIDE DEMAND BY MANUFACTURING PLANT TECHNOLOGY TYPE, THROUGH 2008 ($ BILLIONS)
• Table 51 WORLD CARBON DIOXIDE DEMAND BY RECOVERY TECHNOLOGY, THROUGH 2008 ($ BILLIONS)
• Table 52 WORLD CARBON DIOXIDE DEMAND BY PURITY, THROUGH 2008 ($ BILLIONS)
• Table 53 WORLD CARBON DIOXIDE DEMAND BY DISTRIBUTION CHANNEL TECHNOLOGY, THROUGH 2008 ($ BILLIONS)
• Table 54 TOTAL DEMAND FOR CO2-MONITORING EQUIPMENT BY TYPE, THROUGH 2008 (MILLION TONS CARBON EQUIVALENT)
• Table 55 POTENTIAL AND COST OF VARIOUS U.S. CO2 MITIGATION OPTIONS
• Table 56 GLOBAL CARBON RESERVOIRS
• Table 57 GLOBAL CARBON DIOXIDE ANNUAL INCREASE IN THE ATMOSPHERE, THROUGH 2008 (GIGATONS OF CARBON)
• Table 58 GLOBAL NATURAL CARBON DIOXIDE PRODUCTION, THROUGH 2008 (GIGATONS OF CARBON)
• Table 59 GLOBAL MAN-MADE CARBON DIOXIDE PRODUCTION, THROUGH 2008 (GIGATONS CARBON)
• Table 60 GLOBAL CARBON DIOXIDE ABSORPTION, THROUGH 2008 (GIGATONS CARBON)
• Table 61 GLOBAL NATURAL CARBON DIOXIDE ABSORPTION SINK, THROUGH 2008 (GIGATONS CARBON)
• Table 62 HUMAN-MADE GLOBAL CARBON DIOXIDE ABSORPTION BY APPLICATION SECTOR, THROUGH 2008 (GIGATONS CARBON)
• Table 63 GLOBAL CARBON DIOXIDE BALANCE, THROUGH 2008 (GIGATONS CARBON)
• Table 64 GLOBAL ENERGY-RELATED CO2 EMISSIONS BY SOURCE SECTOR, THROUGH 2008 (MILLION TONS CARBON EQUIVALENT)
• Table 65 HISTORICAL WORLD POPULATION AND ENERGY USE, 1853-2008
• Table 66 HISTORICAL GROWTH RATES, 1850-2008 (%)
• Table 67 MORE-RECENT DISTRIBUTION OF WORLD POPULATION, WEALTH (GDP), ENERGY USE, AND STANDARD OF LIVING, 2003
• Table 68 MORE-RECENT WORLD DISTRIBUTION OF POPULATION, WEALTH (GNP), AND ENERGY EFFICIENCY, 2003
• Table 69 GLOBAL ENERGY-RELATED CARBON DIOXIDE EMISSION BY REGION, THROUGH 2008 (MILLION TONS CARBON EQUIVALENT)
• Table 70 CARBON INTENSITIES IN NORTH AMERICAN COUNTRIES, THROUGH 2008 (METRIC TONS CARBON EQUIVALENT PER THOUSAND 1997 DOLLARS OF GDP)
• Table 71 CARBON INTENSITIES IN SELECTED EUROPEAN COUNTRIES, PER REGION, THROUGH 2008 (METRIC TONS CARBON EQUIVALENT PER THOUSAND 1997 DOLLARS OF GDP)
• Table 72 CARBON INTENSITIES IN SELECTED ASIAN COUNTRIES, PER REGION, THROUGH 2008 (METRIC TONS CARBON EQUIVALENT PER THOUSAND 1997 DOLLARS OF GDP)
• Table 73 CARBON INTENSITIES IN BRAZIL, THROUGH 2008 (METRIC TONS CARBON EQUIVALENT PER THOUSAND 1997 DOLLARS OF GDP)
• Table 74 CARBON DIOXIDE SEQUESTRATION POTENTIAL BY GEOLOGIC APPROACH
• Table 75 CO2 UTILIZATION IN ENHANCED OIL RECOVERY BY SOURCE, THROUGH 2008 ($ BILLIONS)
• Table 76 CARBON DIOXIDE SEQUESTRATION POTENTIAL BY TERRESTRIAL APPROACH (GIGATONS CARBON)
• Table 77 COMMONLY PROPOSED CO2-REDUCTION POLICIES
• Table 78 SAMPLE POLICIES AND MEASURES TO REDUCE GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS IN ANNEX I COUNTRIES
• Table 79 POWER GENERATION EXHAUST GAS RATES AND CO2 FLUE GAS DATA
• Table 80 LOGISTICS OF TANKER TRANSPORTATION OF CO2
• Table 81 SPECIFIC INVESTMENT COST OF AMINE-BASED CO2 ABSORPTION PROCESS
• Table 82 COST OF CO2 CAPTURE, COMPRESSION, AND DRYING
• Table 83 CAPACITY OF CO2 SOURCE, PIPELINE DIAMETER, AND COST PER TON CO2 TRANSPORTED (IR 5%, ECONOMIC LIFETIME 20 YEARS)
• Table 84 CAPITAL COST OF PIPELINES FOR TRANSMISSION OF CO2 ($ MILLIONS/YEAR)
• Table 85 OPERATING COST FOR TRANSMISSION OF CO2 BY PIPELINES ($ MILLIONS/YEAR)
• Table 86 COST FOR TRANSMISSION OF CO2 BY PIPELINES ($ MILLIONS/YEAR)
• Table 87 ANTHROPOGENIC (MAN-MADE) CO2 FLOODS
• Table 88 SCREENING CRITERIA FOR GAS-ENHANCED OIL RECOVERY TECHNOLOGY
• Table 89 FIFTEEN-YEAR RESOURCE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE U.S. CARBON SEQUESTRATION PROGRAM, 2000-2015
• Table 90 OBJECTIVES AND SCHEDULE OF THE CO2-INJECTION FIELD EXPERIMENT
• Table 91 CO2 SEQUESTRATION POTENTIAL
• Table 92 R&D STUDIES SUPPORTED BY THE CO2 CAPTURE PROJECT
• Table 93 POTENTIAL ANNUAL REDUCTIONS IN CARBON EMISSIONS AS A RESULT OF ENERGY-EFFICIENT TECHNOLOGIES, THROUGH 2008 (MILLION TONS CARBON EQUIVALENT)
• Table 94 CO2 CONCENTRATIONS
• Table 95 TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENTS
• Table 95 (CONTINUED)
• Table 95 (CONTINUED)
• Table 95 (CONTINUED)
• Table 95 (CONTINUED)
• Table 95 (CONTINUED)
• Table 96 PRODUCT DEVELOPMENTS/IMPORTANT APPROACHES
• Table 96 (CONTINUED)
• Table 96 (CONTINUED)
• Table 96 (CONTINUED)
• Table 97 PROCESSES/APPLICATIONS
• Table 97 (CONTINUED)
• Table 97 (CONTINUED)
• Table 98 EXAMPLES OF CANDIDATE CDM PROJECTS PRESENTED AT WORKSHOPS
• Table 99 THE AVERAGE AMOUNT OF CARBON DIOXIDE GENERATED PER YEAR (2004)
• Table 100 RECENT U.S. PATENTS IN CO2 RECOVERY AND UTILIZATION, AND CARBON MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES
• Table 100 (CONTINUED)
• Table 101 ENERGY-RELATED FUNDING INITIATIVES FROM THE JOHANNESBURG SUMMIT
• Table 102 WORLD MAJOR MERCHANT CARBON DIOXIDE PLAYERS BY MARKET VALUE, THROUGH 2003 ($ BILLIONS)
• Table 103 WORLD MERCHANT CARBON DIOXIDE SALES BY REGION, THROUGH 2008 ($ BILLIONS)
• Table 104 GLOBAL MERCHANT CARBON DIOXIDE SALES BY APPLICATION, THROUGH 2008 ($ BILLIONS)
• Table 105 NORTH AMERICA MERCHANT CARBON DIOXIDE SALES, THROUGH 2008 ($ BILLIONS)
• Table 106 PLANNED CO2 EOR PROJECTS
• Table 107 EUROPE MERCHANT CARBON DIOXIDE SALES BY APPLICATION, THROUGH 2008 ($ BILLIONS)
• Table 108 ASIA MERCHANT CARBON DIOXIDE SALES BY APPLICATION, THROUGH 2008 ($ BILLIONS)
• Table 109 REST OF WORLD MERCHANT CARBON DIOXIDE SALES BY APPLICATION, THROUGH 2008 ($ BILLIONS)
• Table 110 GREENHOUSE GAS CREDIT PRICES BY TRADING PROGRAM
• Table 111 GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS TRADING BY REGION, THROUGH 2008 (MILLION TONS OF CARBON EQUIVALENT)
• Summary Figure:
• Figure 1 POST-COMBUSTION CO2 RECOVERY COST
• Figure 2 CARBON DIOXIDE GEOLOGICAL STORAGE TECHNOLOGY PROGRESS
• Figure 3 COST GOAL FOR CARBON SEQUESTRATION
• Figure 4 OVERVIEW OF CARBON DIOXIDE FLOWS (BILLION TONS CARBON)
• Figure 5 THE MERCHANT CARBON DIOXIDE DISTRIBUTION CHAIN
• Figure 6 CHEMICAL CONVERSION-FEEDS AND PRODUCTS
• Figure 7 THE AMOUNT OF CO2 PRODUCED VARIANCE WITH FUEL TYPE (KG CO2/CJ)
• Figure 8 CARBON DIOXIDE PRODUCTION BY TYPE OF POWER PLANT (CO2 EMISSION, G/KWH)
• Figure 9 THE GLOBAL CARBON CYCLE (BILLION TONS CARBON; GTC)
• Figure 10 THE EMERGING HYDROGEN ECONOMY
• Figure 11 SHARES OF WORLD CARBON DIOXIDE EMISSIONS BY REGION AND FUEL TYPE
• Figure 12 SKETCH OF A SOUTH-NORTH SECTION THROUGH THE NORTH SEA
• Figure 13 CARBON DIOXIDE RECOVERY AND UTILIZATION, INCLUDING CARBON MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES
• Figure 14 CORN MILLING PROCESS TECHNOLOGIES
• Figure 15 FLUOR DANIEL ECONAMINE SYSTEM FOR CO2 MANUFACTURE
• Figure 16 SUPPLY CURVE OF CO2 IN THE NETHERLANDS
• Figure 17 INCREMENTAL RATES OF RETURN FOR PERMIAN BASIN PROJECTS
• Figure 18 SCHEMATIC OF ENHANCED OIL RECOVERY TECHNOLOGY
• Figure 19 CO2 SEQUESTRATION CAPACITY OF OIL AND GAS FIELDS
• Figure 20 CARBON DIOXIDE CAPTURE ROUTES AND MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES
• Figure 21 GAS TURBINE COMBINED CYCLE WITH POST- COMBUSTION CAPTURE OF CO2
• Figure 22 COAL-FIRED INTEGRATED GASIFICATION COMBINED-CYCLE (IGCC) WITH PRE-COMBUSTION CAPTURE OF CO2
• Figure 23 SCHEMATIC FLOW DIAGRAM FOR THE ELECTRIC POWER PRODUCTION ALTERNATIVE USING MOLTEN CARBONATE FUEL CELLS (MCFS)
• Figure 24 ZECA SCHEMATIC OF A COAL-TO-ELECTRICITY POWER PLANT WITH ZERO EMISSIONS
• Figure 25 ION-TRANSPORT OXYGEN AND POWER-GENERATION CYCLE
• Figure 26 REDUCING GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS USING ENHANCED COALBED METHANE
• Figure 27 CO2-ENHANCED COAL BED METHANE PRODUCTION (STRAIGHT WELLS)
• Figure 28 CANADA (ARC) ECBM PROJECT IN ALBERTA
• Figure 29 CATEGORIZATION OF VARIOUS DEEP-SEA CO2 SEQUESTRATION TECHNIQUES
• Figure 30 MATERIAL FLOWS IN FOSSIL ENERGY PRODUCTION COMBINED WITH MINERALIZATION SEQUESTRATION
• Figure 31 CONVENTIONAL ACID TREATMENTS: (A) NO CO2, AND (B) ACID INJECTION AFTER CO2
• Figure 32 TECHNOLOGICAL BIOMASS PLATFORMS
• Figure 33 CLEAN DEVELOPMENT MECHANISM PROJECT CYCLE