法医学技術：新たな成長市場

Abstract

INTRODUCTION

Technology advancements in forensics have been of considerable import in recent years. Recent examples include improved fingerprint recovery from metals, such as gun cartridges and bomb fragments, use of the chemistry of color to identify chemical and biological weapons, and sensing technologies that are improving the detection of drugs and explosives at security checkpoints. Other advancements include portable DNA profiling techniques used at crime scenes, greater accuracy in ascertaining the age at death of victims of crime, and developments in scanning

These technological advancements have reduced per unit costs in practical applications, thus enhancing the affordability of forensic applications and increasing their market penetration.

Greater use of DNA testing and other technologies has also brought high visibility to forensic testing. The number of crime laboratories in the U.S. performing forensic analyses has grown from 300 in 1999 to an estimated 475 in 2007. Looking at just the top 50 publicly funded forensic crime labs, such labs now have an aggregate annual budget of about $360 million.

These laboratories analyze hundreds of thousands of samples annually. Although the market for forensic analyses and related products is smaller than the market for biotechnology and pharmaceutical products, crime laboratory analyses serve a critical function and the forensics sector will expand significantly in the future.

SCOPE OF STUDY

This report contains:

• Descriptions of various forensic products and services including analytical instruments and supplies, drug identification kits, toxicology immunoassay testing products, forensic biology, fingerprinting/biometrics, DNA testing, computer forensics, forensic databases and forensic consulting.
• The current global market status for forensic products and services, with trends and forecasts for growth over the next 5 years
• Technological issues including the latest trends and a thorough patent analysis
• Discussion of the hundreds of crime laboratories in the U.S. performing forensic analyses
• Company profiles.

Table of Contents

• Forensic Technologies: New and Growing Markets
• Chapter 1 - SUMMARY
  • MAJOR FINDINGS
  • SUMMARY TABLE: MARKET FORECAST OF MAJOR U.S. FORENSIC PRODUCTS AND SERVICES SEGMENTS, THROUGH 2013 ($ MILLIONS)
  • SUMMARY FIGURE: MARKET FORECAST OF MAJOR U.S. FORENSIC PRODUCTS AND SERVICES SEGMENTS, 2007-2013 ($ MILLIONS)
• Chapter 2 - OVERVIEW
  • DEFINITION OF FORENSIC SCIENCE
  • HISTORY OF FORENSIC SCIENCE
  • U.S. FORENSIC LABORATORIES
  • TABLE 1 PERCENTAGE OF U.S. LABORATORIES PERFORMING VARIOUS FORENSIC FUNCTIONS (%)
  • THE GROWING ROLE OF FORENSIC DATABASES
    • FORENSIC DATABASES
      • Ident-A-Drug
      • Paint Data Query: PDQ
      • National Automotive Paint File
      • TreadMark
      • SoleMate
      • TreadMate
      • Glass Evidence Reference Database
      • Forensic Information System for Handwriting: FISH
      • Ink Libraries
      • PharmInfoNet and RxList
      • Ignitable Liquids Reference Collection: ILRC
      • ChemFinder
  • TABLE 2 PROJECTED U.S. FORENSIC DATABASE PRODUCT REVENUES BY SECTOR, THROUGH 2013 ($ MILLIONS)
    • ROLE OF FORENSIC SCIENCE IN THE LEGAL SYSTEM
      • PHYSICAL EVIDENCE, COLLECTION, AND STORAGE
      • CHAIN OF EVIDENCE
      • IMPORTANT TYPES OF EVIDENCE IN LEGAL PROCEEDINGS
  • TABLE 3 NUMBER OF PUBLICLY OPERATED DNA LABORATORIES PERFORMING CERTAIN TYPES OF ANALYSES (SELECTED SAMPLE OF 110 LABORATORIES)
  • ANALYTICAL PROCESSES USED IN FORENSIC TESTING
    • Organic and Inorganic Chemical Analysis
    • Techniques Used in Organic Analysis
    • Techniques Used in Inorganic Analysis
  • MAJOR FORENSIC TESTING AREAS
    • Analysis of Drug and Toxicology Related Specimens
    • DNA Profiling and Fingerprinting Products
    • Expanding Applications of DNA Profiling-Property Crimes
    • Chemical Analysis and Serology
    • Microscopy
  • FORENSIC SCIENCE INSTRUMENTATION
  • TABLE 4 COMPANIES BY MAJOR AREAS OF PARTICIPATION IN ANALYTICAL TESTING
    • Chemical Analysis Instrumentation
    • Drug Identification and Toxicology Analysis
    • DNA Profiling
    • Fingerprinting/Biometrics
  • TABLE 5 SUPPLIERS OF SOLID STATE FINGERPRINT SCANNERS (A PARTIAL LISTING)
  • TABLE 5 (CONTINUED)
  • MARKET STRUCTURE
    • GOVERNMENT REGULATION
    • ACCREDITATION
  • TABLE 6 LABORATORY ACCREDITATION STATISTICS (% OF DNA LABORATORIES ACCREDITED)
    • GOVERNMENT AGENCIES
      • Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms, and Explosives (ATF)
      • National Integrated Ballistic Information Network-NIBIN
      • National Law Enforcement and Corrections Technology Centerý Northeast Region
  • INTERNATIONAL MARKETS
  • MARKET DEMAND
    • Testing Trends
  • TABLE 7 CRIME INDEX TOTALS, 1999-2007 (%)
    • Increase in DNA Testing Workloads
  • TABLE 8 DNA WORKLOAD STATISTICS, 1997 AND 2000
  • FIGURE 1 DNA WORKLOAD SUBJECT CASES VS. OFFENDER SAMPLES, 1997-2000
    • MARKETS FOR FORENSIC ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES, INSTRUMENTS, AND SUPPLIES
      • ORGANIC MATERIALS ANALYSIS
        • Chromatography
        • Applications
        • Supplies
  • TABLE 9 FORENSIC APPLICATIONS BY INSTRUMENT
  • TABLE 9 (CONTINUED)
    • Mass Spectrometers and Chromatography Hyphenated Products
      • Applications
    • Spectrophotometry
      • UV/Visible Spectrophotometry
    • Infrared (IR) Spectrophotometry
    • Spectrophotometry Applications
    • Supplies
  • Immunoassays
    • Applications
    • Enzyme Immunoassays (EIA)
    • Radioimmunoassay
    • Fluorescence Polarization Immunoassays (FPIA) and Suppliers
    • Supplies
  • DNA Profiling
    • CODIS Databases for Storing and Searching DNA Profiles
  • INORGANIC MATERIALS ANALYSIS
    • Trace Elemental Analysis
      • Emission Spectroscopy
      • AA Spectrophotometry
      • Neutron Activation
      • X-Ray Diffraction (XRD)
  • GENERAL ANALYTICAL INSTRUMENTS
    • Microscopes
      • Forensic Applications for Microscopes
        • Forensic Applications ý (Continued)
      • Fluorescent Light Sources
  • MAJOR ANALYTICAL CATEGORIES
    • Hair Analysis
  • Species and Individual Determination
  • Hair Color and Other Points for Comparison
• Fiber Analysis
• Paint Analysis
• Fire Debris and Explosives Analysis
  • TABLE 10 SIGNIFICANT PRODUCERS OF SPECIALIZED MICROSCOPES USED IN FORENSIC SCIENCES
  • TABLE 10 (CONTINUED)
    • Questioned Document Analysis
    • Firearms Identification
    • Ballistic Imaging for Firearms Identification
      • Drugfire
      • Integrated Ballistic Identification System (IBIS)
  • FORENSIC TESTING MARKET SIZE
  • TABLE 11 PROJECTED U.S. FORENSIC PRODUCT AND SERVICES MARKET BY SEGMENT, THROUGH 2013 ($ MILLIONS)
  • FIGURE 2 PROJECTED DISTRIBUTION OF U.S. FORENSIC PRODUCT AND SERVICES REVENUES, 2008 VERSUS 2013 (%)
  • FIGURE 2 (CONTINUED)
    • ANALYTICAL INSTRUMENTS AND SUPPLIES
  • TABLE 12 PROJECTED MARKET FOR U.S. FORENSIC ANALYTICAL INSTRUMENTS AND SUPPLIES BY TYPE, THROUGH 2013 ($ MILLIONS)
  • TABLE 12 (CONTINUED)
  • FIGURE 3 PROJECTED MARKET FOR U.S. FORENSIC ANALYTICAL INSTRUMENTS AND SUPPLIES BY TYPE, THROUGH 2013 ($ MILLIONS)
    • Numbers and Types of Analytical Instruments in a Typical Forensic Laboratory
  • TABLE 13 PRICES AND NUMBERS OF ANALYTICAL INSTRUMENTS IN FORENSIC LABORATORIES/DEPARTMENTS ($)
    • Chromatography and Mass Spectrometry
  • TABLE 14 PROJECTED MARKET FOR U.S. FORENSIC CHROMATOGRAPHY AND MASS SPECTROMETRY INSTRUMENTS AND SUPPLIES, THROUGH 2013 ($ MILLIONS)
    • Analytical Instrument Supply Sales
    • Spectrophotometry
  • TABLE 15 PROJECTED MARKET FOR U.S. FORENSIC SPECTROPHOTOMETRY INSTRUMENTS, THROUGH 2013 ($ MILLIONS)
    • Elemental Analysis
  • TABLE 16 PROJECTED MARKET FOR U.S. FORENSIC ELEMENTAL ANALYSIS INSTRUMENTS, THROUGH 2013 ($ MILLIONS)
    • Forensic Microscope Sales
  • TABLE 17 PROJECTED MARKET FOR U.S. FORENSIC OPTICAL AND SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPE, THROUGH 2013 ($ MILLIONS)
  • TABLE 18 OPTICAL MICROSCOPE MANUFACTURERS ESTIMATED MARKET SHARE, 2007 (%)
    • Fluorescent Light Source Sales
  • TABLE 19 PROJECTED MARKET FOR U.S. FORENSIC FLUORESCENT LIGHT SOURCES, THROUGH 2013 ($ MILLIONS)
    • MARKET PARTICIPANTS - ANALYTICAL INSTRUMENTS
  • TABLE 20 MARKET LEADERS SUPPLYING ANALYTICAL INSTRUMENTS
    • ANALYTICAL INSTRUMENTS COMPANY PROFILES
      • Agilent Technologies, Inc.
      • Buck Scientific, Inc.
      • Carl Zeiss
        • Carl Zeiss, Inc.
      • FEI Co.
      • Hitachi High-Technologies Corp.
        • Hitachi High-Technologies America, Inc.
      • Horiba Jobin Yvon, Inc.
      • Jeol USA, Inc.
      • Melles Griot/Barloworld Scientific Optics Group
      • Nikon Corp.
        • Nikon USA
      • PerkinElmer, Inc.
        • PerkinElmer Life and Analytical Sciences, Inc.
      • Rofin
      • Shimadzu Scientific Instruments, Inc.
      • Spectris, plc
        • Spex Forensics
      • ThermoFisher Scientific
      • Varian, Inc.
      • Waters Corp.
    • DRUG IDENTIFICATION KITS
  • TABLE 21 ARRESTS BY DRUG TYPE, 2005 (%)
    • DRUG IDENTIFICATION KITS MARKET SIZE
  • TABLE 22 PROJECTED MARKET FOR U.S. FORENSIC DRUG IDENTIFICATION KITS, THROUGH 2013 ($ MILLIONS)
  • FIGURE 4 PROJECTED MARKET FOR U.S. FORENSIC DRUG IDENTIFICATION KITS, 2007-2013 ($ MILLIONS)
    • MARKET PARTICIPANTS- DRUG IDENTIFICATION KITS
    • MARKET SHARES
  • TABLE 23 ESTIMATED MARKET SHARES OF DRUG KIT COMPANIES, 2006 (%)
    • NIK
    • ODV
    • Forensic Products & Services, Inc.
    • Nartec
  • DRUG FIELD TESTING KIT COMPANY PROFILES
    • Armor Holdings, Inc.
      • NIK Public Safety, Inc.
      • ODV, Inc.
    • Forensic Products & Services, Inc.
    • Microgenics Corp.
    • Nartec
  • TOXICOLOGY/ IMMUNOASSAY MARKET
    • ALCOHOL ANALYSIS
    • DRUG AND POISON ANALYSIS
      • Drug Analysis
        • Enzyme Immunoassay Screening for Drugs
        • Confirmatory Drug Tests
      • Poison Analysis
    • TOXICOLOGY IMMUNOASSAY REAGENTS
    • THE MARKET FOR FORENSIC TOXICOLOGY TESTING PRODUCTS
  • TABLE 24 PROJECTED MARKET FOR U.S. FORENSIC TOXICOLOGY/IMMUNOASSAY, THROUGH 2013 ($ MILLIONS)
  • FIGURE 5 PROJECTED MARKET FOR U.S.FORENSIC TOXICOLOGY/IMMUNOASSAY, 2007-2013 ($ MILLIONS)
    • Market Share
  • TABLE 25 FORENSIC IMMUNOASSAY TESTING PARTICIPANTS, ESTIMATED MARKET SHARE, 2006 (%)
  • IMMUNOASSAY COMPANY PROFILES
    • Abbott Laboratories
    • Dade Behring, Inc.
    • Roche Diagnostics Systems
    • Siemens Medical Solutions Diagnostics
  • FORENSIC BIOLOGY AND SEROLOGY
    • BLOOD GROUPING
    • SEROLOGICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF BLOODSTAINS
      • Preliminary Color Tests
      • Confirmatory and Species Determination Tests
      • Serological Characterization of Semen
  • MARKET SIZE
  • TABLE 26 PROJECTED MARKET FOR U.S. FORENSIC BIOLOGY AND SEROLOGY TESTING, THROUGH 2013 ($ MILLIONS)
  • FIGURE 6 PROJECTED MARKET FOR U.S. FORENSIC BIOLOGY AND SEROLOGY TESTING, THROUGH 2013 ($ MILLIONS)
  • FORENSIC BIOLOGY AND SEROLOGY TESTING COMPANY PROFILE
    • Abacus Diagnostics
  • FINGERPRINTING/ BIOMETRICS
  • FINGERPRINT RIDGES AND RIDGE CHARACTERISTICS
  • FINGERPRINT CLASSIFICATION
    • Henry and FBI Systems for Classifying, Storing, Retrieving, and Searching for Fingerprints
  • AUTOMATED FINGERPRINT IDENTIFICATION SYSTEMS (AFIS)
  • PRODUCT TYPES AND APPLICATIONS
  • TABLE 27 FINGERPRINTING APPLICATIONS, PRODUCT TYPES, AND SUPPLIERS
    • PRODUCTS FOR OBTAINING KNOWN OR CRIMINAL TEN-PRINTS AND THEIR SUPPLIERS
      • Methods and Products Involving Ink
      • Semi-Inkless and Inkless Methods
      • Ten-Print Fingerprint Cards
      • Electronic
        • Live Scan Products
        • Card Scan Products
        • Portable Scan Products
        • Printers Used in Conjunction with Above Systems
  • PRODUCTS FOR DEVELOPING AND PRESERVING CRIME SCENE PRINTS AND THEIR SUPPLIERS
    • Fingerprint Powders for Prints on Hard, Nonporous Substances
    • Chemical Products Used to Recover Prints
      • Super Glue Fuming and Other Products to Recover Prints on Metal, Tape, Leather, and Plastic
    • Chemical Products for Use on Soft and Porous Substances Such as Paper and Wood
      • Iodine Fuming
      • Ninhydrin
      • Silver Nitrate
      • Fluorescent Chemicals for Print Visualization
      • Miscellaneous Chemical Products
  • Products to Preserve Crime Scene Prints
    • Lifting Tape and Backing Cards
  • PHOTOGRAPHY SUPPLIES
  • MAGNIFIERS
  • DIGITAL IMAGING ENHANCEMENT SOFTWARE
  • AFIS
  • MARKET SIZE
  • TABLE 28 PROJECTED MARKET FOR U.S. FORENSIC FINGERPRINTING BY PRODUCT TYPE, THROUGH 2013 ($ MILLIONS)
  • FIGURE 7 PROJECTED U.S. FORENSIC FINGERPRINTING MARKET BY PRODUCT TYPE, 2007-2013 ($ MILLIONS)
  • TABLE 29 PRICING COSTS PER UNIT FOR FINGERPRINT SYSTEMS AND SUPPLIESMARKET FOR TEN-PRINT PRODUCTS
  • TABLE 30 PROJECTED NUMBER OF CRIMINAL FINGERPRINT CARDS TO BE SUBMITTED TO THE FBI, THROUGH 2010
    • MARKET FOR ELECTRONIC PRODUCTS
    • MARKET FOR CRIME SCENE PRINT PRODUCTS
    • MARKET FOR AFIS
    • FINGERPRINTING PRODUCT COMPANY PROFILES
      • Armor Forensics
      • Arrowhead Forensic Products
      • L-1 Identity Solutions, Inc.
        • Lightning Powder Co., Inc.
      • Printrak International, Inc.
      • Sirchie Finger Print Labs, Inc.
  • DNA TESTING
    • OVERSEAS ACTIVITIES
    • DNA FINGERPRINTS
    • DNA TESTING METHODS
      • Separation/ Extraction/ Amplification Methods
  • TABLE 31 USE RATES FOR AMPLICATION KITS
    • RFLP
    • PCR
    • AmpFLSTR Profiler Plus PCR Amplification Kit
    • AmpFLSTR COfiler PCR Amplification Kit Typing Kits
    • AmpliType DQA1Typing System Kit
    • AmpliType Polymarker (PM) PCR Typing System
  • TABLE 32 COMMONLY USED APPLIED BIOSYSTEMS DNA KITS
    • STR Analysis (STR)
    • Mitochondrial DNA Analysis
    • Y-Chromosome Analysis
    • Low Copy Number (LCN) DNA
    • Analytical Instrumentation
      • MultiProbe II: PerkinElmer Forensic Workstation
      • Sequencing Analyzers
  • TABLE 33 SEQUENCING ANALYZER PLACEMENTS IN DNA TESTING LABORATORIES, 2002 (RESPONSE FROM 106 FACILITIES)
    • The ABI Prism 310
    • ABI Prism 377
    • Hitachi FMBIO II
    • Robotics
  • DNA TESTING PRODUCTS, KITS, AND AUTOMATION COMPANY PROFILES
    • Applied Biosystems
    • Hitachi Software Engineering America, Ltd.
    • PerkinElmer Corp.
  • DNA MATCHING
    • CODIS
  • DNA IDENTIFICATION ACT OF 1994
  • THE ROLE OF DNA EVIDENCE IN LAW ENFORCEMENT AND IN THE LEGAL SYSTEM TODAY
  • LABORATORIES PERFORMING DNA ANALYSIS
    • Public Laboratories
  • TABLE 34 CASE WORKLOAD STATISTICS, 1999 AND 2000
    • Private Laboratories Performing DNA Analysis
  • PRIVATE DNA LABORATORY AND KIT PROVIDER COMPANY PROFILES
    • Affymetrix, Inc.
    • Commonwealth Biotechnologies, Inc.
    • Invitrogen Corp.
    • nexttec GmbH Biotechnologie
    • Orchid Cellmark
    • Qiagen N.V.
    • Reliagene Technologies, Inc.
  • MARKET SIZE
    • Market Size (Continued)
  • TABLE 35 PROJECTED MARKET FOR U.S. FORENSIC DNA TESTING BY PRODUCT TYPE, THROUGH 2013 ($ MILLIONS)
  • FUTURE ADVANCES IN DNA PROFILING
    • DNA Chip Technology
      • DNA Chip Technology (Continued)
      • General Improvements to the Front End of the Forensic DNA Analysis Process
      • Physical Separation of the Components of a Mixture
      • Body Fluid/Cell Type Identification and Characterization
      • Identification and/or Characterization of Genetic Markers
      • Improve Tools for Examining Aged, Degraded, Limited, Damaged, Inhibited, or Otherwise Compromised DNA Evidence
  • Species Differentiation
  • Novel Approaches for Genetic Profiling
  • Software Tools for Mixture Interpretation of DNA Data from Casework Samples
  • Automated Sperm Searches
• Chapter 3 - TECHNOLOGY
  • TECHNIQUES USED TO ANALYZE ORGANIC FORENSIC EVIDENCE
    • CHROMATOGRAPHY
      • Chromatography Description
      • Chromatography System Types Used in Forensics
        • Gas Chromatography (GC)
          • Gas Chromatography (GC) (Continued)
  • FIGURE 8 GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM
    • Headspace GC
    • High-Performance Liquid Chromatography
    • Thin-layer Chromatography (TLC)
  • MASS SPECTROMETERS AND CHROMATOGRAPHY-HYPHENATED PRODUCTS
    • Mass Spectrometry
  • FIGURE 9 MASS SPECTROMETER
    • Hyphenated MS/ Chromatography Systems Used in Forensics
    • Hyphenated MS/ Chromatography (Continued)
  • FIGURE 10 HYPHENATED SPECTROSCOPY TECHNIQUES
    • SPECTROPHOTOMETRY
    • UV/Visible Spectrophotometry
  • FIGURE 11 UV/VISIBLE SPECTROSCOPE SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM
    • Infrared (IR) Spectrophotometry
  • FIGURE 12 PRINCIPAL ELEMENTS OF AN IR SPECTROMETER
    • Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometers (FT-IR)
  • FIGURE 13 ELEMENTS OF AN FT-IR SPECTROMETER
    • IMMUNOASSAY
      • Enzyme Immunoassay (EIA)
      • Basic EIA
  • FIGURE 14 THE BASIC ENZYME IMMUNOASSAY (EIA) PROCESS
    • Alternative EIA Methods
      • Second-Antibody Precipitation Method
      • Double-Antibody Sandwich Method
      • Reverse-Sandwich Method
      • Reverse-Sandwich Inhibition Method
    • Immunoanalysis Instruments
  • TECHNIQUES USED TO ANALYZE INORGANIC FORENSIC EVIDENCE
    • EMISSION SPECTROSCOPY
    • ATOMIC ABSORPTION (AA) SPECTROPHOTOMETRY
  • FIGURE 15 PRINCIPAL ELEMENTS OF AN ATOMIC ABSORPTION SPECTROMETER
    • NEUTRON ACTIVATION ANALYSIS
  • TECHNIQUES FOR DETERMINING THE IDENTITY OF FORENSIC EVIDENCE
    • GENERAL ANALYTICAL INSTRUMENTS USED FOR FORENSICS AND APPLICATIONS
      • Microscopes
        • Compound Microscopes
        • Comparison Microscopes
        • Stereoscopic Microscopes
        • Polarized Microscopes
        • Microspectrophotometers
        • Scanning Electron Microscopes (SEMs)
        • SERS Nanoprobe
      • FLUORESCENT LIGHT SOURCES
      • FIREARMS IDENTIFICATION SYSTEMS
        • Drugfire
        • IBIS
      • DNA PROFILING
        • Extraction and Quantification of DNA and Suppliers
        • RFLP Method for DNA Profiling
        • Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) DNA Profiling
          • PCR vs. RFLP/Southern Analysis
          • The PCR Process
  • FIGURE 16 THE PCR PROCESS
    • PCR Systems Used in Forensic DNA Profiling and Their Suppliers
      • D1S80
      • DQA1 System
      • AmpliType Polymarker (PM) PCR Typing System
  • Short Tandem Repeat (STR) Typing
    • STR vs. RFLP and Previously-Described PCR Profiling Types
    • Description of STRs and the Profiling Procedure
    • STR Systems Used, Suppliers and the Status of STR Testing
    • Mitochondrial DNA Profiling
• Chapter 4 - OTHER FORENSICS SCIENCE MARKET SEGMENTS
  • THE MARKET FOR DIGITAL PHOTOGRAPHY
  • DIGITAL VERSUS CONVENTIONAL PHOTOGRAPHY
  • TABLE 36 PRINCIPAL APPLICATION AREAS FOR UV-IR FORENSIC PHOTOGRAPHY
    • THE KODAK DIGITAL SCIENCE DIGITAL DARKROOM
    • COST AND TIME SAVINGS WITH DIGITAL PHOTOGRAPHY
  • CYBERCRIME AND COMPUTER EVIDENCE DISCOVERY
    • GOVERNMENT FORENSICS LABS INITIATIVES
  • TABLE 37RCFL PROGRAM HIGHLIGHTS, 2003-2006
  • TABLE 38 NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION FUNDING FOR COMPUTER FORENSICS RESEARCH ($)
  • TABLE 38 (CONTINUED)
    • NEW FORENSIC TOOLS
  • TABLE 39 PDA FORENSIC TOOLS
    • Palm dd (pdd)
    • Pilot-Link
    • POSE
    • PDA Seizure
    • EnCase
    • Duplicate Disk (dd)
  • COMPUTER EVIDENCE COMPANY PROFILES
    • 7SAFE
    • ACR Data Recovery, Inc.
    • Center for Computer Forensics
    • Computer Forensics, Inc.
    • Computer Forensics International
    • Computer Forensics Labs, Inc. (CFL)
    • Computer Forensics Services (CFS)
    • Cyber Agents, Inc.
    • CyberEvidence, Inc.
    • CY4OR
    • Data Discovery
    • Data Recon, LLC
    • Digital Mountain, Inc.
    • Digitalmedix, Inc.
    • E-Fense, Inc.
    • Electronic Evidence Discovery (EED)
    • eMag Solutions, LLC
    • ESS Data Recovery, Inc.
    • Forensic Data Recovery Inc.
    • Flashback Data, LLC
    • ForenSec, Ltd.
    • Forensicon, Inc.
    • Global Digital Forensics
    • Great Scott Enterprises
    • Guidance Software, Inc.
    • i2, Inc.
    • IntaForensics, Ltd.
    • ISA Forensics, Inc.
    • Jackson & Jackson Computer Forensics
    • JDF Digital Forensics
    • Kroll Ontrack
    • LC Technology International, Inc.
    • Lightstone Solutions
    • LuciData, LLC
    • Mantech SMA
    • Midwest Data Group
    • New Technologies, Inc. (NTI) (a Division of Armor Forensics)
    • Norcross Group
    • Palmer Legal Technologies
    • Project Leadership Associates
    • Protiviti
    • Renew Data
    • Sapphire Technologies
    • Sector Forensics
    • Setec Investigations
    • Tunstall and Tunstall, Inc.
    • UBIC
      • UBIC
    • Vogon International Data Recovery
  • COMPUTER FORENSIC TOOLS
    • Forensic Accounting
    • Laboratory Information Management Systems (LIMS)
      • Laboratory Information ý (Continued)
    • Bar Coding and Evidence Tracking
    • Examples of LIMS Systems
      • Forensic LIMS: Bard LIMS
      • Crime Fighter Beast
      • ForensicLIMS (FLLMS)
      • JusticeTrax LIMS-plus
      • KLMS-Forensics
      • LABLynx
      • Promadis CaseMan
      • StarFruit CrimeLab
      • StarLIMS
      • Forensic Palynology
      • POTENTIAL REVENUE FROM RELATED PRODUCTS
  • TABLE 40 ESTIMATED ANNUAL REVENUES FROM RELATED PRODUCTS, 2007 ($ MILLIONS)
• Chapter 5 - PATENTS
  • SIGNIFICANCE OF PATENTS
    • EXAMINATION OF RECENTLY ISSUED PATENTS
  • TABLE 41 FORENSIC PATENTS BY CLASSIFICATION, JANUARY 2006 TO DECEMBER 2007
    • Length of Time from Filing to Approval
  • TABLE 42 LENGTH OF TIME FROM PATENT FILING TO APPROVAL
• Companies Receiving Patents
  • TABLE 43 RECENTLY ISSUED FORENSIC PATENTS BY INVENTOR/ASSIGNEE, SAMPLE DURING 2006-2007
    • SELECTED PATENT ABSTRACTS
      • MULTI-CHANNEL BIO-SEPARATION CARTRIDGE
      • ELECTRONIC SYSTEMS AND COMPONENT DEVICES FOR MACROSCOPIC AND
      • MICROSCOPIC MOLECULAR BIOLOGICAL REACTION, ANALYSES, AND DIAGNOSTICS
      • METHOD FOR GENOTYPING POLYMORPHISMS IN HUMANS
      • COMPLEXITY MANAGEMENT OF GENOMIC DNA SYSTEM, METHOD, AND COMPUTER SOFTWARE FOR GENOTYPING ANALYSIS AND IDENTIFICATION OF ALLELIC IMBALANCE
      • DNA DIAGNOSTICS BASED ON MASS SPECTROMETRY
      • INTEGRATED PORTABLE BIOLOGICAL DETECTION SYSTEM
      • MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES SPECIFIC FOR CRACK COCAINE METABOLITES, A CELL LINE PRODUCING THE SAME, AND CRACK COCAINE CONJUGATES
      • PYROPHOSPHOROLYSIS AND INCORPORATION OF NUCLEOTIDE METHOD FOR NUCLEIC ACID DETECTION
      • MULTIPLEX AMPLIFICATION OF SHORT TANDEM REPEAT LOCI
      • ISOLATION OF NUCLEIC ACID
      • IMMUNOASSAY FOR LSD AND 2-OXO-3-HYDROXY-LSD
      • THERMOSTABLE OR THERMOACTIVE DNA POLYMERASE MOLECULES WITH ATTENUATED 3' -5' EXONUCLEASE ACTIVITY
      • LOOP PROBE HYBRIDIZATION ASSAY FOR POLYNUCLEOTIDE ANALYSIS
      • SPECIFIC AND SENSITIVE NUCLEIC ACID DETECTION METHOD
      • TOPOISOMERASE LINKER-MEDIATED AMPLIFICATION METHODS
      • ECSTASY-CLASS DERIVATIVES, IMMUNOGENS, AND ANTIBODIES AND THEIR USE IN DETECTING ECSTASY-CLASS DRUGS
      • AIR SAMPLING METHOD AND SENSOR SYSTEM FOR SPECTROSCOPIC DETECTION AND IDENTIFICATION OF CHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL CONTAMINANTS
      • INTEGRATED NUCLEIC ACID DIAGNOSTIC DEVICE
      • METHOD FOR DNA MIXTURE ANALYSIS
      • ELECTRONIC SYSTEMS AND COMPOUND DEVICES FOR MACROSCOPIC AND MICROSCOPIC MOLECULAR BIOLOGICAL REACTIONS, ANALYSES, AND DIAGNOSTICS
      • METHOD OF INDEXED STORAGE AND RETRIEVAL OF MULTIDIMENSIONAL INFORMATION
      • IMMUNOASSAY METHOD AND KIT
      • PORTABLE BULLET TRAP
      • DEPOSITING FLUID SPECIMENS FOR ANALYSIS OF DEPOSITED ARRAYS ON SUBSTRATES, RESULTING ORDERED ARRAYS, TECHNIQUES
      • BEAM ALIGNMENT IN A LOWER COLUMN OF A SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPE OR THE LIKE
      • REDUCTION OF ABERRATIONS PRODUCED BY WIEN FILTER IN A SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPE AND THE LIKE
      • POLARIZED MATERIAL INSPECTION APPARATUS
      • MID-INFRARED SPECTROMETER ATTACHMENT TO LIGHT MICROSCOPES
      • SIMULTANEOUS ISOLATION AND QUANTITATION OF DNA
      • METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR FINGERPRINT DETECTION AND ANALYSIS
      • FLUID-FILTRATION RECEPTACLE WITH USER-VARIABLE SEMI-PERMEABLE DRAIN ASSEMBLY
      • MICROPLATE PROTECTIVE TRAY UNDERCOVER
      • METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR MULTIPLE ELECTROSPRAY SAMPLE INTRODUCTION
      • METHOD FOR MELTING CURVE ANALYSIS OR REPETITIVE PCR PRODUCTS
      • DNA SAMPLE COLLECTION FOR IDENTIFICATION
      • ULTRAVIOLET IMAGER SYSTEM AND METHOD
      • DNA DIAGNOSTICS BASED ON MASS SPECTROMETRY
      • APPARATUS AND METHOD FOR COMBINED CAPILLARY SEPARATION AND BLOTTING OF BIOLOGICAL MACROMOLECULES DNA DIAGNOSTICS BASED ON MASS SPECTROMETRY
      • SOLID SUPPORT FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY
      • MULTIPLEX AMPLIFICATION AND ANALYSIS OF SELECTED STR LOCI
      • METHODS FOR IDENTIFICATION AND ISOLATION OF SPECIFIC NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCES IN CDNA AND GENOMIC DNA
      • DNA DIAGNOSTICS BASED ON MASS SPECTROMETRY
• Chapter 6 - APPENDIX
  • COMPANY CONTACT INFORMATION AND PRODUCT FOCUS MATRIX
  • TABLE 44 KEY COMPANY CONTACT INFORMATION
    • AND PRODUCT FOCUS MATRIX
  • TABLE 44 (CONTINUED)
  • TABLE 44 (CONTINUED)
  • TABLE 44 (CONTINUED)
  • TABLE 44 (CONTINUED)
  • TABLE 44 (CONTINUED)
  • TABLE 44 (CONTINUED)
  • TABLE 44 (CONTINUED)
    • DNA DATA BANK LAWS BY STATE IN EFFECT AS OF SEPTEMBER 2007 (COLLECTED BY THE NATIONAL CONFERENCE OF STATE LEGISLATURES)
  • TABLE 45 STATUS OF STATE LAWS ON DNA DATABANKS (CIRCUMSTANCES UNDER WHICH SAMPLES ARE REQUIRED)
  • TABLE 45 (CONTINUED)
  • TABLE 45 (CONTINUED)
  • TABLE 45 (CONTINUED)
  • TABLE 45 (CONTINUED)
  • TABLE 45 (CONTINUED)
    • KEY PROVISIONS OF STATE DNA LAWS
      • Alaska HB 49
      • Arizona HB 2021 B
      • Arkansas HB 1074 B
      • Arkansas HB 2310 B
      • California AB 898 B
      • Colorado SB 164 B
      • Connecticut H 5022 B
      • Delaware SB 38 B
      • Florida SB 1648 B
      • Georgia S 119 B
      • Illinois SB 280 B
      • Louisiana SB 295 B
      • Louisiana SB 346 B
      • Louisiana SB 522 B
      • Maine H 300 b
      • Maryland SB 363 B
      • Michigan HB 4746 B
      • Michigan SB 444 B
      • Minnesota SB 239 B
      • Minnesota SB 942 B
      • Mississippi SB 2348 B
      • Montana SB 183 B
      • Nevada A 55 B
      • Nevada AB 16 B
      • New Jersey AB 2617 B
      • New Hampshire H 215 B
      • New Mexico SB 184 B
      • North Carolina HB 79 B
      • North Dakota HB 1235 B
      • Ohio SB 11 B
      • Oklahoma HB 1802 B
      • South Dakota SB 184 B
      • Texas H 2703 B
      • Texas H 562 B
      • Texas HB 2703 B
      • Utah SB 116 B
      • Utah HB 107 B
      • Virginia H 2661 B
      • Washington HB 1391 B
  • PARTIAL LISTING OF PRINCIPAL FORENSIC CRIME LABORATORIES IN THE UNITED STATES
    • ALABAMA
      • Alabama Department of Forensic Sciences
    • ALASKA
      • Alaska State Crime Laboratory
    • ARIZONA
      • Arizona Department of Public Safety
      • Tucson Police Dept.
      • Mesa Police Dept.
      • Phoenix Police Dept.
      • Scottsdale Police Dept.
    • ARKANSAS
      • Arkansas State Crime Laboratory
    • CALIFORNIA
      • State Police Laboratory
      • Orange County Sheriff-Coroner/Forensic Science Services
      • San Bernardino County Sheriff' s Dept.
      • University of California
      • California Department of Justice
      • Office of the Sheriff
      • Oakland Police Dept.
      • California Department of Justice
      • California Department of Justice
      • Fresno Regional Laboratory
      • Alameda County Sheriff' s Office
      • Los Angeles County Sheriff' s Dept.
      • San Diego PD
      • Sheriff' s Crime Laboratory
      • District Attorney' s Office
      • San Francisco PD
      • Forensic Services Division
      • Kern County Crime Lab
      • Sacramento County DA Crime Lab
      • San Mateo County Crime Lab
      • Santa Clara DA
      • Ventura Crime Lab
      • California Department of Justice
      • California Department of Justice
      • Huntington Beach Police Dept.
      • Los Angeles Police Dept.
    • COLORADO
      • Department of Justice
      • Colorado Bureau of Investigation
      • Denver Police Dept
    • CONNECTICUT
      • Connecticut State Police
    • DELAWARE
      • Office of the Chief Medical Examiner
      • Delaware State Police Crime Lab
    • FLORIDA
      • Broward County Sheriff' s Office
      • Manatee County Sheriff' s Office
      • Miami-Dade Police Forensic Laboratory
      • Palm Beach Sheriff' s Office
      • Florida Department of Law Enforcement
      • Palm Beach County
      • Florida Department of Law Enforcement Crime Lab
      • Regional Crime Lab @ IRCC
    • GEORGIA
      • Georgia Bureau of Investigation
      • GBI Western Regional Crime Lab
      • U. S. Army Criminal Investigation Laboratory (USACIL)
    • HAWAII
      • Honolulu PD (CODIS)
    • IDAHO
      • Idaho State Police Forensic Services
    • ILLINOIS
      • Rockford Forensic Science Laboratory
      • Forensic Science Center at Chicago
      • Westchester Forensic Science Laboratory
      • Joliet Forensic Science Laboratory
      • Morton Forensic Science Laboratory
      • Springfield Forensic Science Laboratory
      • Metro-East Forensic Science Laboratory
      • DuPont County Sheriff' s Office
      • Northern Illinois Sheriff' s Office
      • Southern Illinois Forensic Science Centre
      • Illinois State Police
    • INDIANA
      • Indianapolis-Marion County
      • Indiana State Police
      • Johnson County Sheriff' s Office
    • IOWA
      • Criminalistics Laboratory, Division of Criminal Investigation, Iowa State
      • Iowa Department of Public Safety
    • KANSAS
      • Kansas Bureau of Investigation
      • Sedgwick County Regional Forensic Science Center
      • Kansas City Police Dept.
    • KENTUCKY
      • Kentucky State Police
      • Western Regional Forensic Laboratory
      • Jefferson Regional Forensic Laboratory
      • Northern Regional Forensic Laboratory
      • Eastern Regional Forensic Laboratory
      • Southeastern Regional Forensic Laboratory
    • LOUISIANA
      • South West Louisiana Criminalistic Laboratory
      • Acadiana Criminalistics Laboratory
      • Crime Laboratory
      • North Louisiana Crime Laboratory
      • New Orleans PD
    • MAINE
      • Maine State Police Crime Laboratory
    • MARYLAND
      • DOD DNA Registry
      • Maryland State Police
      • Baltimore City PD
      • Baltimore County PD
      • Montgomery County PD
      • Anne Arundel County PD
      • Prince George' s County PD
      • Prince George' s County Police Dept.
    • MASSACHUSETTS
      • Massachusetts Department of Public Safety
      • Boston PD
    • MINNESOTA
      • The BCA Forensic Science Laboratory
      • Crime Laboratory, Saint Paul Police, MN
      • Minnesota Bureau of Criminal Apprehension
    • MISSISSIPPI
      • The Mississippi Crime Laboratory (MCL) System
    • MICHIGAN
      • Oakland County Sheriff' s Dept.
      • Michigan State Police
      • Detroit PD
    • MISSOURI
      • Missouri State Police
      • Southeast Missouri Regional Crime Lab
      • St. Louis Metropolitan Police Dept.
      • St. Louis County PD
      • Kansas City Police
      • Missouri State Highway Patrol
      • St. Charles Co. Sheriff' s Dept.
    • MONTANA
      • Montana Department of Justice
    • NEBRASKA
      • The Nebraska State Patrol Crime Lab
    • NEVADA
      • Washoe Co. Sheriff Forensic Science Division
      • Las Vegas Metropolitan PD Forensic Lab
      • Nevada Department of Public Safety
    • NEW HAMPSHIRE
      • New Hampshire State Police
    • NEW JERSEY
      • New Jersey State Police
      • New Jersey State Police Forensic Science Laboratory Bureau
      • Burlington County Crime Laboratory
      • Cape May County Prosecutor' s Office
      • Hudson County Prosecutor' s Office
      • New Jersey State Police
      • Ocean County Sheriff' s Dept.
      • Union County Prosecutor' s Office
      • Newark Police Dept.
    • NEW MEXICO
      • The New Mexico Department of Public Safety Crime Laboratory
      • Southern Crime Lab
      • Albuquerque PD (CODIS)
      • Department of Public Safety
    • NEW YORK
      • Yonkers Police Dept.
      • New York State Police: Western Regional Crime Laboratory
      • New York State Police: Southern Tier Regional Crime Laboratory
      • NYC-Office of the Chief Medical Examiner
      • New York State Police
      • Erie County Forensic Laboratory
      • Niagara County Sheriff' s Department Forensic Laboratory
      • Office of Chief Medical Examiner
      • Suffolk County Crime Laboratory
      • Westchester County
      • Onandaga County
      • Monroe County Laboratory
      • Nassau County ME
      • New York State Division of Criminal Justice Services
    • NORTH CAROLINA
      • North Carolina State Bureau of Investigation Crime Laboratory
      • Charlotte-Mecklenburg
      • NORTH DAKOTA
      • North Dakota Crime Laboratory
      • State Crime Lab
    • OHIO
      • Miami Valley Regional Crime Laboratory
      • Hamilton County Coroner' s Office
      • Ohio Bureau of Criminal Identification & Investigation
      • Ohio Attorney General' s Office
      • Ohio Department of Public Safety
      • Cuyahoga County Coroner' s Office
      • Lake County
      • Mansfield PD
    • OKLAHOMA
      • Criminalistics Services
      • Central Latent Evidence Laboratory
      • Lawton Regional Laboratory
      • Tahlequah Regional Laboratory
      • Central Laboratory
      • Enid Regional Laboratory
      • McAlester Regional Laboratory
      • Tulsa Police Dept.
    • OREGON
      • Oregon State Police Laboratory
      • Oregon State Forensic Services Div.
      • Washington County Sheriff' s Office Forensic Science Unit
    • PENNSYLVANIA
      • The Forensic Identification Unit
      • Pennsylvania State Police
      • Allegheny County Crime Lab
      • Philadelphia PD
      • RHODE ISLAND
      • The Rhode Island State Crime Laboratory
      • Rhode Island Department of Health
    • SOUTH CAROLINA
      • South Carolina Law Enforcement Div.
      • Richland County
      • Orangeburg PD
      • Administrative Bureau of Charleston Police Dept.
    • SOUTH DAKOTA
      • South Dakota Division of Criminal Investigation
    • TENNESSEE
      • Tennessee Bureau of Investigation
      • Forensic Sciences Center
    • TEXAS
      • Texas Department of Public Safety
      • Texas Dept. of Public Safety
      • The Bexar County Forensic Toxicology Laboratory (FTL)
      • Houston PD
      • Southwest Institute of Forensic Science
      • Texas DPS
      • Harris County Medical Examiner' s Office
      • Tarrant County ME
      • Fort Worth Police Dept.
    • UTAH
      • Utah Department of Public Safety, Bureau of Forensic Services
    • VERMONT
      • Vermont Forensic Laboratory
    • VIRGINIA
      • Commonwealth of Virginia
      • Virginia Division of Forensic Science
    • WASHINGTON
      • Washington State Patrol
      • Washington State Patrol
    • WASHINGTON, DC
      • FBI Laboratory
      • National Institute of Justice
      • Washington Metro Police
    • WEST VIRGINIA
      • Office of the Chief Medical Examiner, North Central Region
      • West Virginia State Police
      • Marshall University
    • WISCONSIN
      • The Wisconsin Crime Lab System
      • State Crime Lab
    • WYOMING
      • Wyoming State Crime Laboratory
      • Wyoming Division of Criminal Investigation
    • SELECT FORENSIC CONSULTING FIRMS
      • AMERICAN MEDICAL FORENSIC SPECIALISTS, INC.
      • CMR FORENSIC CONSULTANTS
      • FORENSIC ANALYTICAL SPECIALTIES, INC.
      • FORENSIC SCIENCE ASSOCIATES
      • FTI CONSULTING, INC.
      • GEORGE SLACK AND PRITZKER FORENSIC ENGINEERING CONSULTANTS
      • ROBERT F. JENNINGS FORENSIC SERVICES
      • ROBSON FORENSIC, INC.
      • RUHL FORENSIC, INC.