Abstract
Inflammatory Disease Therapeutics: Pipelines and Competitive Dynamics comprehensively evaluates R&D efforts for six high-profile immune/inflammatory disorders:
- Rheumatoid Arthritis
- Inflammatory Bowel Disease
- Psoriasis
- Lupus
- Multiple Sclerosis
- Asthma
The complexity of the immune system provides both opportunity and challenge for those in the pharmaceutical industry trying to manipulate it. There is a seemingly endless list of cytokines, receptors, and enzymes that can be disrupted in patients with autoimmune and inflammatory diseases, and the sheer number of options leaves plenty of chances for large established players and specialized newcomers alike to carve out niches for themselves.
However, the transition from brainstorm to marketed drug is fraught with pitfalls. Targeting a single receptor or protein often means being foiled by the immune systems redundancy, while cutting too wide a swath through the system can result in unexpected side effects. Despite Herculean efforts to develop newer and better agents for treating these conditions, frustratingly few novel drugs have passed muster in clinical trials and reached the market in the last decade. The market continues to eagerly await safe and effective alternatives to existing therapies.
Inflammatory Disease Therapeutics examines the mechanisms of immune/inflammatory disease, reviews the existing drug therapies for each of the six diseases covered, and surveys some of drug development attempts that have failed in the last several years.
The report then analyzes the range of new pharmacologic approaches being explored for treating inflammatory disorders, focusing on 14 pharma/biotech company pipelines for each of the six diseases individually. New therapies to treat inflammatory diseases are evaluated using SWOT analysis to compare emerging compounds with standard therapies. These include an analysis of Bristol-Myers Squibbs abatacept, the next novel rheumatoid arthritis treatment likely to be approved; a comparison of adhesion molecule blockers with standard inflammatory bowel disease therapy; and an evaluation of MBP peptide vaccines for multiple sclerosis therapy, an approach that could arrest the disease process rather than merely treating symptoms.
Table of Contents
- Chapter 1. Introduction: The Immune System and the Inflammatory Response
- 1.1. The Immune System
- 1.2. Immune Dysfunction and Autoimmune Disease
- Chapter 2. Review of Inflammatory Diseases: Epidemiology, Pathology, Diagnosis, and Symptoms
- 2.1. Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA)
- Pathology of RA
- Causes of RA
- Diagnosis of RA
- Epidemiology of RA
- 2.2. Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD)
- Pathology of IBD
- Causes of IBD
- Diagnosis of IBD
- Epidemiology of IBD
- 2.3. Psoriasis
- Pathology of Psoriasis
- Causes of Psoriasis
- Diagnosis of Psoriasis
- Epidemiology of Psoriasis
- 2.4. Lupus
- Pathology of Lupus
- Causes of Lupus
- Diagnosis of Lupus
- Epidemiology of Lupus
- 2.5. Multiple Sclerosis (MS)
- Pathology of MS
- Causes of MS
- Diagnosis of MS
- Epidemiology of MS
- 2.6. Asthma
- Pathology of Asthma
- Causes of Asthma
- Diagnosis of Asthma
- Epidemiology of Asthma
- Chapter 3. Current Pharmacologic Treatment Options
- 3.1. Rheumatoid Arthritis
- Analgesics and NSAIDs
- Corticosteroids
- Synthetic DMARDs
- -Methotrexate
- -Arava (leflunomide)
- -Other DMARDs
- Biologic DMARDs
- -Enbrel (etanercept)
- -Remicade (infliximab)
- -Humira (adalimumab)
- -Kineret (anakinra)
- 3.2. Inflammatory Bowel Disease
- Aminosalicylates
- Corticosteroids
- Immunomodulators
- -Azathioprine and 6-mercaptopurine
- -Methotrexate
- -Cyclosporine
- -Remicade (infliximab)
- Antibiotics
- 3.3. Psoriasis
- Topical Therapies
- -Corticosteroids
- -Vitamin D3 and A Analogs
- -Coal Tar
- -Anthralin
- -Salicylic Acid
- Light Therapy
- Systemic Therapy
- -Methotrexate
- -Cyclosporine
- -Oral Retinoids
- -Hydroxyurea
- -Amevive (alefacept)
- -Raptiva (efalizumab)
- -Enbrel (etanercept)
- 3.4. Lupus
- NSAIDs
- Antimalarials
- Corticosteroids
- Immunomodulators
- 3.5. Multiple Sclerosis
- Corticosteroids
- Disease-Modifying Agents
- -Interferon ﾟ
- -Copaxone (glatiramer acetate)
- -Novantrone (mitoxantrone)
- -Tysabri (natalizumab)
- Other Immunomodulators
- 3.6. Asthma
- Quick-Relief Medications
- -Bronchodilators
- -Oral Corticosteroids
- Long-Term Control Medications
- -Inhaled Corticosteroids
- -Bronchodilators
- -Mast Cell Stabilizers
- -Leukotriene Modifiers
- -Xolair (omalizumab)
- Chapter 4. Compounds in Development: The Next Generation of Drugs for Inflammatory Diseases
- 4.1. New Approaches to Inflammatory Diseases
- Cytokine Inhibitors
- Anti-Inflammatory Cytokines
- Compounds Targeting T-Cell Antigens
- CD20-Targeted Monoclonal Antibodies
- Complement Inhibitors
- Adhesion Molecule Blockers
- Chemokine Receptor Antagonists
- Protease Inhibitors
- -TACE
- -ICE
- -Cathepsin S
- Kinase Inhibitors
- -p38 MAP Kinase
- -JNK
- -NF-kB
- PPAR-y Ligands
- 4.2. Setbacks
- 4.3. Rheumatoid Arthritis
- Cytokine Inhibitors
- -Regeneron Pharmaceuticals
- -Targeted Genetics
- -Domantis/Peptech
- -Fulcrum Pharmaceuticals
- -Nastech Pharmaceutical
- Compounds Targeting T-Cell Antigens
- -Bristol-Myers Squibb
- Complement Inhibitors
- -Alexion Pharmaceuticals
- Kinase Inhibitors
- -Rigel Pharmaceuticals
- -Plexxikon/Phenomix
- 4.4. Inflammatory Bowel Disease
- Cytokine Inhibitors
- -Abbott Laboratories
- -Protein Design Labs
- Anti-Inflammatory Cytokines
- -Berlex Laboratories
- Compounds Targeting T-Cell Antigens
- -Protein Design Labs
- Adhesion Molecule Blockers
- -Isis Pharmaceuticals
- -Millennium Pharmaceuticals
- Kinase Inhibitors
- -Serono/InDex Pharmaceuticals
- 4.5. Psoriasis
- Cytokine Inhibitors
- -Isotechnika
- -CombinatoRx
- Compounds Targeting T-Cell Antigens
- -TolerRx
- Growth Factor Inhibitors
- -Antisense Therapeutics; Isis Pharmaceuticals
- Immunomodulators
- -Biogen Idec/Fumapharm
- Vitamin D Analogs
- -QuatRx Pharmaceuticals
- -Cytochroma
- 4.6. Lupus
- Immunomodulators
- -La Jolla Pharmaceutical
- -Genelabs Technologies
- Cytokine Inhibitors
- -Medarex/MedImmune
- BLyS Antagonists
- -Human Genome Sciences
- -ZymoGenetics/Serono
- -Amgen
- -Biogen Idec/Genentech
- Complement Inhibitors
- -Elusys Therapeutics
- 4.7. Multiple Sclerosis
- Immunosuppressants
- -Genzyme Oncology
- -Novartis Pharmaceuticals
- Cytokines
- -Transition Therapeutics
- -Nastech Pharmaceutical
- -Serono/Syntonix Pharmaceuticals
- -Maxygen
- -Biovation
- -Nautilus Biotech
- -Bolder Biotechnology
- -Pepgen
- Peptide Vaccines
- -Immune Response
- -Neurocrine Biosciences
- -BioMS Medical
- 4.8. Asthma
- Cytokine Inhibitors
- -Protein Design Labs/Roche
- -GlaxoSmithKline
- -Amgen
- -Amrad/Merck
- -Cambridge Antibody Technology
- -Regeneron Pharmaceuticals
- -Isis Pharmaceuticals
- -Sirna Therapeutics
- -MedImmune/Genaera
- Chemokine Receptor Antagonists
- -GlaxoSmithKline
- -Merck
- -AnorMED
- -Novartis Pharmaceuticals
- -Cambridge Antibody Technology
- Phosphodiesterase-4 Inhibitors
- -Altana
- -Celgene
- -Glenmark Pharmaceuticals/Forest Laboratories
- -Toll-Like Receptor Agonists
- -Dynavax Technologies
- -Coley Pharmaceutical Group/Sanofi-Aventis
- -Hybridon
- -Corixa
- Syk Kinase Inhibitors
- -Rigel Pharmaceuticals/Pfizer
- -sanofi-aventis
- Chapter 5. Company Research Programs
- 5.1. Abbott Laboratories
- 5.2. Amgen
- 5.3. Biogen Idec
- 5.4. Celgene
- 5.5. ChemoCentryx
- 5.6. GlaxoSmithKline
- 5.7. Isis Pharmaceuticals
- 5.8. Medarex
- 5.9. Millennium Pharmaceuticals
- 5.10. Protein Design Labs
- 5.11. Regeneron Pharmaceuticals
- 5.12. Rigel Pharmaceuticals
- 5.13. Serono
- 5.14. TolerRx
- 5.15 Vertex Pharmaceuticals
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