ガス発電の今後：市場におけるリスクと新しい技術

Abstract

The use of natural gas for power generation is a recent phenomenon, emerging during the 1980s and 1990s; it is strongly linked with the development of stationary gas turbines for power generation, and particularly with the combined cycle gas turbine configuration. The latter became particularly attractive in the liberalized electricity markets which were developing at the same time in many parts of the world. The US and Japan were the first two countries to use gas extensively for power generation, the latter using LNG imports. The use of natural gas for power generation is predicted to grow over the medium term but such predictions need to be tempered by the fact that the price of gas is beginning to rise dramatically in some parts of the world.

Table of Contents

Executive Summary

• Introduction
• The natural gas resource
• The logistics of gas supply
• The natural gas market
• Gas-fired power generation technology
• The economics of gas-fired power generation
• The future of gas-fired power generation

Chapter 1 An introduction to gas-fired power generation

• Introduction
• Natural gas for power generation
• Gas price and security
• Liquefied natural gas
• Market liberalization
• The report

Chapter 2 The natural gas resource

• Introduction
• Proven global reserves
• National reserves
• Global natural gas production
• National production
• Future natural gas resources and production

Chapter 3 The logistics of gas supply

• Introduction
• Natural gas transportation systems
• Peaks, troughs and storage capacity
• Storage and marketeering
• Pipeline networks
• Liquefied Natural Gas
• Natural gas consumption
• Existing consumption patterns
• Future demand

Chapter 4 The natural gas market: market liberalisation and its effects

• Introduction
• Liberalization of the gas market
• Operation of gas markets
• Global market
• LNG and the global market
• Political issues
• Security of supply

Chapter 5 Gas-fired power generation technology

• Introduction
• Gas-fired steam turbine plants
• Gas reciprocating engines
• Gas turbines
• Combined cycle
• Gas turbine cogeneration
• Gas turbine manufacture and installation
• Fuel cells
• Environmental considerations
• Alternatives to natural gas

Chapter 6 The economics of gas-fired power generation

• Introduction
• Capital costs
• Fuel costs
• The cost of carbon capture
• Fuel price prediction and volatility

Chapter 7 The future for gas-fired power generation

• Introduction
• Growth predictions
• The turning point for gas-fired power generation

List of Figures

• Figure 1.1: Gas-fired electricity generation by nation (TWh)
• Figure 2.2: Share of global proven natural gas reserves by region 2004
• Figure 2.3: Growth of natural gas production by region 1994-2004
• Figure 2.4: Production of natural gas in the US (bcm)
• Figure 2.5: Production of natural gas in the United Kingdom (bcm)
• Figure 3.6: Share of natural gas consumption 2004 (bn cubic metres)
• Figure 3.7: Natural gas production and consumption by region in 2004 (bn cubic metres)
• Figure 4.8: Gas use for power generation in the US (million cubic metres)
• Figure 5.9: Electrical generation efficiencies of natural gas-fired power generation units
• Figure 6.10: US power generation from natural gas (GWh)
• Figure 6.11: Gas-fired output in nine major gas markets in the EU (TWh)
• Figure 6.12: Comparison of US/UK cost of gas 1994-2004
• Figure 7.13: Predicted global natural gas consumption (trillion cubic metres)
• Figure 7.14: Additional gas-fired generating capacity 2002-2025

List of Tables

• Table 1.1: Gas-fired electricity generation by nation (TWh)
• Table 2.2: Global proven natural gas reserves by region (trillion cubic metres)
• Table 2.3: Proven natural gas reserves by country (trillion cubic metres)
• Table 2.4: Natural gas production by region (bn cubic metres)
• Table 2.5: Natural gas production by country (bn cubic metres)
• Table 2.6: Production of natural gas in the US (bcm)
• Table 2.7: Production of natural gas in the United Kingdom (bcm)
• Table 3.8: Natural gas consumption by region (bn cubic metres)
• Table 3.9: Natural gas production and consumption by region in 2004 (bn cubic metres)
• Table 3.10: Natural gas consumption by country (bn cubic metres)
• Table 4.11: Gas use for power generation in the US (million cubic metres)
• Table 4.12: US commercial gas prices (annual January price, $/thousand cubic feet)
• Table 4.13: UK average wholesale natural gas prices ($/thousand cubic feet)
• Table 5.14: Electrical generation efficiencies of natural gas-fired power generation units
• Table 5.15: Comparative emissions of carbon dioxide from fossil fuels with the same energy input compared to natural gas
• Table 6.16: US power generation from natural gas (GWh)
• Table 6.17: Gas-fired output in nine major gas markets in the EU (TWh)
• Table 6.18: Capital cost comparisons for different types of new power plant (US$/kW)
• Table 6.19: Cost of gas for power generation in the US ($/GJ)
• Table 6.20: Cost of gas for power generation in the UK ($/GJ)
• Table 7.21: Predicted global natural gas consumption (trillion cubic metres)
• Table 7.22: Additional gas-fired generating capacity 2002-2025 (MW)