火力発電の将来

Abstract

Coal accounts for 40% of global electricity supply and the proportion is set to remain steady, even as global generating capacity rises. Coal-fired generating capacity may double by 2030, which would have a severe effect on carbon dioxide emissions unless new, cleaner technologies can be implemented. ‘The Future of Clean Coal: The impact of new technologies and legislation on the economics of coal-fired power generation’ is a new management report published by Business Insights that analyses the state of modern coal-fired power generation. It analyses the technologies, efficiency and economics of conventional coal-fired power generation, emission control systems and advanced/zero emission systems. It analyses the key drivers of the new technologies and forecasts the impact of clean coal technologies on the cost of power compared to both conventional coal-fired power generation and renewable energy. Assess how new technologies will affect coal-fired power generation in the short, medium and long term with this new report.

Table of Contents

Executive Summary

• Introduction
• The coal resource
• Conventional coal-fired power generation technology
• Advanced and zero emission coal burning technologies
• Environmental and legislative issues
• The economics of coal-fired power generation
• The future of coal-fired power generation

Chapter 1 Introduction

• Introduction
• Coal use for power generation
• Economics of coal
• The environment
• Emission control
• The report

Chapter 2 The coal resource

• Introduction
• Coal types
• Global coal reserves
• Coal production
• Coal consumption
• Coal trade

Chapter 3 Conventional coal-fired power generation and emission control systems

• Introduction
• Conventional coal burning technology
• Supercritical pulverized coal power plants
• Plant efficiency
• The future of supercritical PC plants
• Fluidized bed boilers
• Plant sizes
• Biomass cofiring
• Emission control
• Sulfur dioxide
• Nitrogen oxides
• Dust
• Mercury
• Application of emission control systems

Chapter 4 Advanced and zero emission coal burning technologies

• Introduction
• Carbon dioxide capture and storage
• Post combustion carbon capture
• Pre-combustion capture
• Integrated gasification combined cycle
• Underground gasification
• Oxyfuel combustion
• Carbon transport and sequestration
• Comparison of the different technologies
• Capture ready power plants
• Retrofitting to older plants

Chapter 5 Environmental and legislative issues

• Introduction
• Carbon dioxide
• Carbon dioxide emission controls
• Sulfur dioxide
• Nitrogen oxides
• Particulate emissions
• Mercury
• Economic effects of emission control

Chapter 6 The economics of coal-fired power generation

• Introduction
• Capital costs
• Alternative gasifiers
• Different coals
• Retrofitting
• The cost of electricity
• Performance of different gasifiers
• Cost of electricity from different coals
• PC vs IGCC

Chapter 7 The future of coal-fired power generation

• Introduction
• The medium term
• Predicted growth in the demand for coal-fired generating capacity
• The introduction of new technology
• The comparative economics of coal-fired power generation

List of Figures

• Figure 1.1: Coal use for power generation, 2006
• Figure 1.2: EIA projections for growth in coal-fired generating capacity in selected geographies, 2003-2030, (GW)
• Figure 1.3: Predicted carbon dioxide emissions from coal combustion, 1990-2030 (million t CO2)
• Figure 2.4: Proved recoverable coal reserves (million tonnes), 2006
• Figure 2.5: Coal production, 2002 (thousand tonnes)
• Figure 2.6: Top ten coal producers, 2005
• Figure 2.7: Global coal consumption, 1965-2005 (million tonnes oil equivalent)
• Figure 2.8: Top ten coal consumers, 2005
• Figure 2.9: Thermal coal imports by country (million tonnes), 2005
• Figure 4.10: Performance of coal-fired power plants with and without carbon capture
• Figure 4.11: Plant efficiency with different coals (with carbon capture)
• Figure 4.12: Effects of retrofitting a subcritical 500 MW coal-fired power plant
• Figure 5.13: Atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration (ppm), 1750-2005
• Figure 6.14: Capital cost of coal-fired power plants with and without carbon capture ($/kW), Source NETL-Parsons
• Figure 6.15: Capital cost of coal-fired power plants with and without carbon capture ($/kW), Source MIT
• Figure 6.16: Capital costs for coal-fired power plants burning different coals ($/kW)
• Figure 6.17: The cost of electricity from coal-fired power plants with and without carbon capture ($/kWh)
• Figure 6.18: The cost of electricity from coal-fired power plants with and without carbon capture
• Figure 6.19: Costs for different gasifier designs with and without carbon capture
• Figure 7.20: EIA projections for growth in coal-fired generating capacity (GW), 2003-2030
• Figure 7.21: Coal fired generating capacity growth in India and China (GW), 2004-2030
• Figure 7.22: The cost of electricity from different technologies ($/MWh)

List of Tables

• Table 1.1: Coal use for power generation, 2006
• Table 1.2: EIA projections for growth in coal-fired generating capacity, 2003-2030, (GW)
• Table 1.3: Predicted carbon dioxide emissions from coal combustion, 1990-2030 (million t CO2)
• Table 2.4: Proved recoverable coal reserves (million tonnes), 2006
• Table 2.5: Coal production, 2002 (thousand tonnes)
• Table 2.6: Top ten coal producers, 2005
• Table 2.7: Global coal consumption, 1965-2005 (million tonnes oil equivalent)
• Table 2.8: Top ten coal consumers, 2005
• Table 2.9: Thermal coal imports by country (million tonnes), 2005
• Table 3.10: Typical steam conditions in pulverized coal power plants
• Table 3.11: Typical carbon dioxide production per kWh as a function of efficiency in a coal-fired plant
• Table 4.12: Performance of coal-fired power plants with and without carbon capture
• Table 4.13: Plant efficiency with different coals (with carbon capture)
• Table 4.14: Effects of retrofitting a subcritical 500 MW coal-fired power plant
• Table 5.15: Atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration (ppm), 1750-2005
• Table 6.16: Capital cost of coal fired power plants with and without carbon capture (€/kW / $/kW), Source EU, UNIPCC
• Table 6.17: Capital cost of coal-fired power plants with and without carbon capture ($/kW), Source NETL-Parsons
• Table 6.18: Capital cost of coal-fired power plants with and without carbon capture ($/kW), Source MIT
• Table 6.19: Capital costs for coal-fired power plants burning different coals ($/kW)
• Table 6.20: The cost of electricity from coal-fired power plants with and without carbon capture ($/kWh)
• Table 6.21: The cost of electricity from coal-fired power plants with and without carbon capture ($/kWh)
• Table 6.22: The cost of electricity from coal-fired power plants with and without carbon capture
• Table 6.23: Costs for different gasifier designs with and without carbon capture
• Table 6.24: Costs for different coal combustion technologies burning different coals without carbon capture
• Table 7.25: EIA projections for growth in coal-fired generating capacity (GW), 2003-2030
• Table 7.26: Coal fired generating capacity growth in India and China (GW), 2004-2030
• Table 7.27: The cost of electricity from different technologies ($/MWh)