マグネシウム金属の世界市場(第9版) -　産業、市場、将来　-

Abstract

China emerges as dominant primary metal producer

The price of magnesium metal has been in slow decline since 1995 and has only recently (late 2003) started to recover. World consumption in 2003 was of the order of 660,000t, a significant rise from 338,000t used in 1993. If substantial capacity expansion plans are realised and the period of price stability continues, world capacity for primary metal should be around 670,000tpy by the end of 2004. There are two process technologies currently used commercially to produce primary metal; electrolysis of magnesium chloride and thermal reduction of magnesium carbonate ores with ferrosilicon. The conventional wisdom has been that thermal processes would gradually be replaced by electrolytic technology, however, in recent years there has been less incentive to invest in new electrolytic projects. In the early 1990s, around 76% of world capacity used an electrolytic process, while this figure had dropped to 54% in early 2003. Thermal technology is particularly well suited to use in a developing economy, as plant sizes are small, capital investment is low and the process is relatively labour intensive. In contrast electrolytic technology requires substantial capital investment, significant amounts of electric power and produces little waste. This trend is reflected in the number of sizeable electrolytic units in economically more developed countries that have been closed or idled and the remarkable increase in Chinese capacity. In 2003, Chinese primary production of magnesium was reported at almost 65% of the estimated world total, compared to less than 5% in 1994

Report Highlights

Magnesium can be used in a number of structural applications in the place of aluminium. In practise this substitution is only likely when the magnesium:aluminium price ratio is at or below 1.5:1. Between 1993 and 2003 this ratio declined from 2.7:1 to 1.64:1, however it is now starting to rise again. At higher ratios its use tends to be restricted to areas where other properties, such as lighter weight, offset its cost

.North America is the largest consuming region although growth in consumption at an average of 7.7%py during the past decade has been lower than that in either Western Europe (11.2%py) or Asia (12.2%py).

The use of magnesium in aluminium alloys is the largest end-use sector. The major application for these alloys is for use in beverage cans. Although aluminium cans compete with other packaging materials, such as glass, plastics and steel, its market share is not under serious threat. However, increasing levels of container recycling will temper the growth rate of magnesium.

The second largest use for magnesium is in die-casting, which saw the largest growth over the last decade. Magnesium components are increasingly used in automobiles to reduce weight and improve fuel economy. This trend is likely to continue, resulting in increased use of magnesium, although the growth rates in the demand for metal will probably be lower than it has been at 5%py to reach 265,000t in 2010.

Following the idling of the Magnola plant in April 2003, world capacity for primary metal was of the order of 570,000tpy. Substantial capacity expansions have been planned for 2004; if realised, world capacity for primary metal will be around 670,000tpy. Adding to this figure is some 230,000tpy of secondary metal, in theory world metal capacity is already sufficient at around 900,000tpy to meet projected demand in 2010. It is therefore easy to understand why investors are cautious about advancing new projects at this time.

1. Summary 1

• 1.1 Introduction 1
• 1.2 Consumption 1
• 1.3 Production 3
• 1.4 Supply/demand 4
• 1.5 Outlook 4

2. Occurrence and properties of magnesium 6

3. Processes for producing magnesium metal 8

• 3.1 Magnesium bearing feeedstocks 8
• 3.2 Electrolytic methods 9
• 3.2.1 Alcan diaphragmless cell 9
• 3.2.2 AM process 10
• 3.2.3 Amax brine process 11
• 3.2.4 CECRI multipolar cell 12
• 3.2.5 Dow process 12
• 3.2.6 Hydro Magnesium 13
• 3.2.7 IG Farben process 15
• 3.2.8 MPLC process (Magcan process) 15
• 3.2.9 Production processes in the former Soviet Union 16
• 3.3 Thermal reduction methods 17
• 3.3.1 Pidgeon process 18
• 3.3.2 Carbothermic process 18
• 3.3.3 Magn?therm process 18
• 3.3.4 MAGRAM process 20
• 3.3.5 Mintek Thermal Magnesium process (MTM) 20
• 3.4 Handling molten magnesium 20
• 3.5 Process economics 21
• 3.5.1 Production costs 22
• 3.6 Recycling magnesium 24

4. Production of magnesium metal 25

• 4.1 World production of primary magnesium metal 25
• 4.1.1 Primary magnesium production capacity 27
• 4.2 World production of secondary magnesium 29
• 4.2.1 Secondary magnesium production capacity 33

5. Production of magnesium metal and products by country and company 34

• 5.1 Argentina 34
• 5.1.1 Producers of magnesium products in Argentina 34
• 5.2 Australia 34
• 5.2.1 Producers of secondary magnesium in Australia 34
• 5.2.2 Magnesium projects in Australia 34
• 5.2.2.1 Australian Magnesium Corporation Limited (AMC) 35
• 5.2.2.2 Indcor Limited 37
• 5.2.2.3 Latrobe Magnesium 38
• 5.2.2.4 Magnesium International Limited (MIL) 39
• 5.2.2.5 New World Alloys Limited 41
• 5.2.2.6 Pacific Magnesium Corporation Limited 42
• 5.2.3 Producers of magnesium products in Australia 42
• 5.3 Austria 42
• 5.3.1 Production of secondary magnesium in Austria 42
• 5.3.2 Producers of magnesium products in Austria 43
• 5.3.2.1 Georg Fischer 43
• 5.3.2.2 Non ferrum Metallpulver Gesellschaft 43
• 5.3.2.3 TCG Unitech Aktiengesellschaft 43
• 5.4 Belgium 44
• 5.4.1 Ownership of primary magnesium capacity in other countries 44
• 5.4.1.1 Hydro Magnesium 44
• 5.4.1.2 Specialty Metals Company 45
• 5.4.2 Producers of magnesium products in Belgium 46
• 5.5 Brazil 46
• 5.5.1 Producers of primary magnesium in Brazil 46
• 5.5.2 Producers of secondary magnesium in Brazil 47
• 5.5.3 Producers of magnesium products in Brazil 47
• 5.6 Canada 47
• 5.6.1 Producers of primary magnesium metal in Canada 49
• 5.6.1.1 Norsk Hydro Canada Incorporated 49
• 5.6.1.2 Timminco Limited 49
• 5.6.2 Former producers of primary magnesium in Canada 50
• 5.6.3 Primary magnesium projects in Canada 50
• 5.6.3.1 Gossan Resources 50
• 5.6.3.2 Leader Mining 51
• 5.6.4 Producers of secondary magnesium in Canada 52
• 5.6.5 Producers of magnesium products in Canada 52
• 5.6.5.1 Magellan Aerospace Corporation 53
• 5.6.5.2 Meridian Technologies Incorporated 53
• 5.6.5.3 Simalex Custom Pressure Diecasting 54
• 5.6.5.4 Soci?t? de D?velopement du Magn?sium (SDM) 54
• 5.6.5.5 Thixotech Incorporated 54
• 5.6.5.6 Trimag 55
• 5.6.6 Exports of magnesium from Canada 55
• 5.7 China 56
• 5.7.1 Producers of primary magnesium in China 58
• 5.7.1.1 Anhui Dolomite Mine 60
• 5.7.1.2 Baotou City Xinjing Magnesium Industry Company 60
• 5.7.1.3 Chaoyang Rich Magnesium Company Limited 60
• 5.7.1.4 Fuda Magnesium Plant 60
• 5.7.1.5 Guizhou Mercury Mine 60
• 5.7.1.6 Hebi Jianghai Smelting Company Limited 60
• 5.7.1.7 Henan Huaqi Magnesium Industry Company Limited 61
• 5.7.1.8 Henan Longma Group Company Limited 61
• 5.7.1.9 Hunnan Magnesium Works 61
• 5.7.1.10 Jiaozuo Yellow River Magnesium Alloy Company Limited 61
• 5.7.1.11 Jilin Linjiang Dahu Magnesium plant 62
• 5.7.1.12 Jilin Linjiang Magnesium 62
• 5.7.1.13 Jilin North Industrial Silicon Corporation 62
• 5.7.1.14 Jungar Banner Sanwei Magnesium Industry Company 62
• 5.7.1.15 Liaoning Fushun Aluminium Works 62
• 5.7.1.16 Minhe Magnesium Factory (MHM) 63
• 5.7.1.17 Ningxia Huayuan Magnesium Corporation 63
• 5.7.1.18 Ningxia Huiye Magnesium Company Limited 64
• 5.7.1.19 Ningxia Shizuishan Ferroalloy Works 64
• 5.7.1.20 Ningxia United Magnesium 64
• 5.7.1.21 Ningxia Zhongning Aluminium 64
• 5.7.1.22 North Jungar Banner Magnesium Industry Company 65
• 5.7.1.23 Shanxi Chinjin Coke and Metals Corporation Limited 65
• 5.7.1.24 Shanxi Datong Zhongjin Magnesium Industry Company Limited 65
• 5.7.1.25 Shanxi Guangling Jinghua Corporation 65
• 5.7.1.26 Shanxi Jishan Huayu (Enterprise) Group Limited 66
• 5.7.1.27 Shanxi Qizhen Magnesium Corporation 66
• 5.7.1.28 Shanxi Reicheng Hengfa Corporation 67
• 5.7.1.29 Shanxi Tongbao Magnesium Company 67
• 5.7.1.30 Shanxi Wenxi Baiyu Magnesium Industry Corporation Limited 67
• 5.7.1.31 Shanxi Wenxi Hongfu Magnesium Company Limited 67
• 5.7.1.32 Shanxi Wenxi Xindi Magnesium Industry Corporation Limited 68
• 5.7.1.33 Shanxi Wenxi Yinguang Magnesium Group Company Limited 68
• 5.7.1.34 Shanxi Yangquan Metallic Magnesium Works 68
• 5.7.1.35 Shanxi Zhongjin Corporation 68
• 5.7.1.36 Winca Magnesium (Hebi) Company Limited 68
• 5.7.1.37 Xi County Yuxing Hongfu Magnesium Company Limited 69
• 5.7.1.38 Yunnan Gejiu Gexin Mine 69
• 5.7.1.39 Zunyi Titanium Company Limited 70
• 5.7.2 Producers of secondary magnesium in China 70
• 5.7.2.1 Chongqing Magnesium Science and Technology 70
• 5.7.3 Producers of magnesium alloy and products in China 70
• 5.7.3.1 Beijing Xinlihua Magnesium Powder Company Limited 72
• 5.7.3.2 China First Automobile Works Group (FAW) 72
• 5.7.3.3 Dongfeng Automobile Company 73
• 5.7.3.4 Hangzhou Fuchun Magnesium Alloy Article Manufacturing
• Company Limited 73
• 5.7.3.5 Henan Jinghua Magnesium Industry Company 73
• 5.7.3.6 Hydro Magnesium Xian 73
• 5.7.3.7 Jaco Metal Limited 74
• 5.7.3.8 Nanjing Yubu Magnesium Industry Corporation Limited 74
• 5.7.3.9 Nanyang Greatwall Enterprises 74
• 5.7.3.10 Qingdao Jingu Magtech 74
• 5.7.3.11 Shanghai Meridian Magnesium Products (SMMP) 75
• 5.7.3.12 Sino-Minemet International Company 75
• 5.7.3.13 Taiyuan Magnesium Plant 75
• 5.7.4 Magnesium alloy projects in China 75
• 5.7.5 Exports of magnesium from China 75
• 5.8 Republic of Congo 78
• 5.8.1 Primary magnesium projects in the Republic of Congo 79
• 5.9 Czech Republic 80
• 5.9.1 Producers of secondary magnesium in the Czech Republic 80
• 5.10 Finland 80
• 5.10.1 Producers of magnesium products in Finland 80
• 5.11 France 81
• 5.11.1 Former producers of primary magnesium in France 81
• 5.11.2 Producers of magnesium products in France 81
• 5.12 Germany 82
• 5.12.1 Producers of secondary magnesium in Germany 82
• 5.12.2 Future producers of secondary magnesium in Germany 82
• 5.12.3 Producers of magnesium products in Germany 82
• 5.12.3.1 Almamet GmbH 82
• 5.12.3.2 Dynacast Deutschland GmbH and Company KG 83
• 5.12.3.3 ECKA Granulate GmbH 83
• 5.12.3.4 Hoesch Metallurgie GmbH 83
• 5.12.3.5 Lauk?tter Gusstechnik GmbH 83
• 5.12.3.6 Otto Fuchs Metallwerke 83
• 5.12.3.7 Pierburg AG 84
• 5.12.4 Imports of magnesium into Germany 84
• 5.13 India 86
• 5.13.1 Producers of magnesium products in India 86
• 5.14 Israel 87
• 5.14.1 Producers of primary magnesium in Israel 87
• 5.14.2 Producers of secondary magnesium and magnesium products in Israel 88
• 5.14.3 Exports of magnesium from Israel 88
• 5.15 Italy 89
• 5.15.1 Producers of secondary magnesium in Italy 89
• 5.15.2 Producers of magnesium products in Italy 90
• 5.15.2.1 Magnesium Products of Italy SpA 90
• 5.15.2.2 MENNACasting 90
• 5.15.2.3 Pometon SpA 90
• 5.15.3 Imports of magnesium into Italy 90
• 5.16 Japan 92
• 5.16.1 Former producers of primary magnesium in Japan 92
• 5.16.2 Producers of secondary magnesium in Japan 93
• 5.16.2.1 Nippon Kinzoku 93
• 5.16.2.2 Onoda Morimura Magnesium Limited 94
• 5.16.3 Producers of magnesium products in Japan 94
• 5.16.3.1 Japan Steel Works (JSW) 94
• 5.16.3.2 Kusaka Rare Metal Products Company Limited 94
• 5.16.3.3 Sumitomo Electric Industries Limited (SEI) 94
• 5.16.4 Imports of magnesium into Japan 95
• 5.17 Kazakhstan 96
• 5.17.1 Producers of primary magnesium in Kazakhstan 97
• 5.17.2 Exports of magnesium from Kazakhstan 98
• 5.18 Malaysia 99
• 5.18.1 Primary magnesium projects in Malaysia 99
• 5.19 Mexico 100
• 5.19.1.1 Producers of magnesium products in Mexico 100
• 5.20 Netherlands 100
• 5.20.1 Primary magnesium projects in the Netherlands 100
• 5.20.2 Producers of secondary magnesium in the Netherlands 100
• 5.20.3 Exports of magnesium from the Netherlands 101
• 5.20.4 Imports of magnesium into the Netherlands 102
• 5.21 Norway 104
• 5.21.1 Producers of secondary magnesium in Norway 104
• 5.21.2 Producers of magnesium products in Norway 105
• 5.21.2.1 Elkem 105
• 5.21.2.2 Tonsberg Magnesium Group (TMG) 105
• 5.21.3 Imports of magnesium into Norway 106
• 5.22 Poland 107
• 5.22.1 Producers of magnesium products in Poland 107
• 5.22.1.1 Huta Laziska SA 108
• 5.22.1.2 Tonsberg Magnesium 108
• 5.23 Russia 108
• 5.23.1 Producers of primary magnesium metal in Russia 109
• 5.23.1.1 AVISMA Titanium-Magnesium Works 109
• 5.23.1.2 Solikamsk Magnesium Works (SMZ) 111
• 5.23.2 Primary magnesium metal projects in Russia 113
• 5.23.3 Producers of secondary magnesium in Russia 114
• 5.23.4 Producers of magnesium products in Russia 114
• 5.23.4.1 Chelyabinsk Electrometallurgical Integrated Plant (ChEMK) 114
• 5.23.4.2 Kamensk-Uralsky Metallurgical Works (KUMZ) 114
• 5.23.5 Exports of magnesium from Russia 115
• 5.24 Serbia and Montenegro 116
• 5.25 Singapore 116
• 5.26 Slovenia 116
• 5.26.1 Producers of magnesium products in Slovenia 117
• 5.26.1.1 TDR Metalurgija DD 117
• 5.26.1.2 TCG Unitech LTH 117
• 5.27 South Africa 117
• 5.27.1 Producers of magnesium products in South Africa 117
• 5.28 Switzerland 117
• 5.28.1 Production of magnesium products in Switzerland 118
• 5.29 Taiwan 118
• 5.29.1 Production of secondary magnesium in Taiwan 118
• 5.29.2 Producers of magnesium products in Taiwan 118
• 5.29.2.1 Catcher Technology 118
• 5.29.2.2 Kuo Lung Ferro-Silicon Manufacturing Corporation 118
• 5.29.2.3 Sheng Yu Steel Company (Sysco) 119
• 5.29.2.4 Waffer Technology Corporation 119
• 5.29.3 Imports of magnesium into Taiwan 119
• 5.30 Ukraine 120
• 5.30.1 Producers of primary magnesium in the Ukraine 121
• 5.30.2 Former producers of magnesium metal in the Ukraine 122
• 5.31 UK 123
• 5.31.1 Producers of secondary magnesium in the UK 123
• 5.31.2 Producers of magnesium products in the UK 124
• 5.31.2.1 Dynacast 124
• 5.31.2.2 Magnesium Elektron 124
• 5.31.2.3 Magnesium Products UK 124
• 5.31.2.4 Trident Components Group (TCG) 125
• 5.31.2.5 UK Racing Castings 125
• 5.31.3 Imports of magnesium into the UK 126
• 5.32 United States of America 127
• 5.32.1 Producers of primary magnesium in the USA 128
• 5.32.2 Former producers of primary magnesium in the USA 129
• 5.32.2.1 Dow Chemical Company 130
• 5.32.2.2 Northwest Alloys Incorporated 130
• 5.32.3 Secondary magnesium producers in the USA 130
• 5.32.3.1 Advanced Magnesium Alloys Corporation (AMACOR) 131
• 5.32.3.2 Garfield Alloys Incorporated 131
• 5.32.3.3 Magnesium Elecktron North America Incorporated 132
• 5.32.3.4 Magnesium Technologies Corporation 132
• 5.32.3.5 Remacor Incorporated 133
• 5.32.3.6 Resources Alloys and Metals 133
• 5.32.4 Producers of magnesium products in the USA 133
• 5.32.4.1 American Precision Castings Incorporated 134
• 5.32.4.2 CC Metals and Alloys Incorporated 134
• 5.32.4.3 Chicago White Metal Casting Company 134
• 5.32.4.4 Contech Metal Forge 134
• 5.32.4.5 Del Mar Industries 135
• 5.32.4.6 Empire Diecasting Company 135
• 5.32.4.7 Gibbs Die Casting Corporation 135
• 5.32.4.8 Harvard Industries 136
• 5.32.4.9 Hitchcock Industries Incorporated 136
• 5.32.4.10 Intermet Corporation 136
• 5.32.4.11 Kaiser Aluminium Extruded Products 137
• 5.32.4.12 Lite Metals Company 137
• 5.32.4.13 Lunt Manufacturing Company Incorporated 137
• 5.32.4.14 Magellan Aerospace Corporation 138
• 5.32.4.15 Magnesium Aluminium Corporation (MAC) 139
• 5.32.4.16 Magnesium Products of America (MPA) 139
• 5.32.4.17 Magparts 139
• 5.32.4.18 Northern Diecast Corporation 139
• 5.32.4.19 Prototype Casting Incorporated 140
• 5.32.4.20 Reade Manufacturing Company 140
• 5.32.4.21 Spartan Light Metal Products 140
• 5.32.4.22 SW International Recycling 140
• 5.32.4.23 Timminco 140
• 5.32.4.24 Twin City Diecastings Company 140
• 5.32.4.25 Other producers of magnesium products in the USA 141
• 5.32.5 Exports of magnesium from the USA 141
• 5.32.6 Imports of magnesium into the USA 143

6. International trade in magnesium metal 145

• 6.1 Exports of magnesium 145
• 6.1.1 Exports of unwrought magnesium (>99.8% Mg) 146
• 6.1.2 Exports of unwrought magnesium (<99.8% Mg) 148
• 6.1.3 Exports of magnesium waste and scrap 149
• 6.1.4 Exports of magnesium raspings, turnings, granules and powders 150
• 6.1.5 Exports of other magnesium and articles 151
• 6.2 Imports of magnesium 152
• 6.2.1 Imports of unwrought magnesium (>99.8% Mg) 154
• 6.2.2 Imports of unwrought magnesium (<99.8%Mg) 156
• 6.2.3 Imports of magnesium waste and scrap 158
• 6.2.4 Imports of magnesium raspings, turnings, granules and powders 159
• 6.2.5 Imports of other magnesium and articles 161

7. World consumption of magnesium metal 163

• 7.1 Estimated demand for primary and secondary magnesium in 2003 165
• 7.2 World shipments of primary magnesium by region 166
• 7.3 Western World shipments of magnesium by application 168
• 7.4 Regional shipments of primary magnesium by application 169
• 7.4.1 USA and Canada 170
• 7.4.2 Western Europe 171
• 7.4.3 Asia/Oceania 172
• 7.4.4 Latin America 173
• 7.4.5 Africa and Middle East 174
• 7.5 National consumption of magnesium by application 175
• 7.5.1 Consumption of magnesium in Canada 175
• 7.5.2 Consumption of magnesium in China 176
• 7.5.3 Consumption of magnesium in the CIS 177
• 7.5.4 Consumption of magnesium in Japan 179
• 7.5.5 Consumption of magnesium in the USA 180
• 7.6 Future demand for magnesium 182

7.6.1 Future supply/demand balance for magnesium 184

8. Use of magnesium in aluminium alloys 185

• 8.1 Use of magnesium in aluminium alloys 186
• 8.2 Use of aluminium by sector 188
• 8.3 Use of aluminium in packaging 189
• 8.3.1 Use of aluminium in beverage cans 190
• 8.3.1.1 Use of aluminium in can body stock 193
• 8.3.1.2 Use of aluminium in can end stock 193
• 8.3.1.3 Tab stock 194
• 8.3.2 Production of beverage cans 194
• 8.3.2.1 Production and consumption of beverage cans in Europe 194
• 8.3.2.2 Production of beverage cans in the USA 198
• 8.3.3 Other forms of aluminium packaging 199
• 8.3.3.1 Aluminium foil 199
• 8.3.3.2 Aerosol containers 199
• 8.3.4 Other forms of packaging 200
• 8.3.5 Recycling of packaging materials 202
• 8.3.5.1 Legislation for recycling packaging materials in the
• European Union 202
• 8.3.5.2 Legislation for recycling packaging materials in Japan 203
• 8.3.5.3 Recycling of aluminium cans 203
• 8.3.6 Trends in the use of packaging materials 205
• 8.4 Use of aluminium in transport applications 206
• 8.4.1 Use of aluminium in automobiles 207
• 8.4.1.1 Research into using lightweight materials in motor vehicles 211
• 8.4.1.2 Use of aluminium alloys by Audi 211
• 8.4.1.3 Use of aluminium alloys by Ford 212
• 8.4.1.4 Use of aluminium alloys by General Motors 212
• 8.4.2 Use of aluminium in aerospace applications 213
• 8.4.2.1 Commercial aerospace sector 215
• 8.4.2.2 Military aerospace sector 219
• 8.4.2.3 Aluminium alloy developments for aerospace applications 221
• 8.4.3 Use of aluminium in marine transport 222
• 8.4.4 Use of aluminium in railways 226
• 8.4.5 Future demand for aluminium alloys in transport 229
• 8.4.5.1 Automotive 229
• 8.4.5.2 Aerospace 229
• 8.4.5.3 Marine 233
• 8.4.5.4 Railway 234
• 8.5 Construction 234
• 8.6 Consumer durable goods 236
• 8.7 Machinery and equipment 238
• 8.8 Electrical applications 238
• 8.9 Future trends in demand for magnesium in aluminium alloys 239

9. Use of magnesium in magnesium alloys 241

• 9.1 Magnesium casting alloys 242
• 9.1.1 Production of magnesium castings 245
• 9.2 Wrought alloys 247
• 9.3 Metal matrix composites 249
• 9.4 Applications of magnesium alloys 250
• 9.4.1 Motor vehicles 250
• 9.4.1.1 North America 251
• 9.4.1.2 Europe 255
• 9.4.1.3 Asia 258
• 9.4.1.4 Future prospects for magnesium in automobiles 258
• 9.4.1.5 World production of automobiles 259
• 9.4.2 World production of light commercial vehicles 261
• 9.4.2.1 World production of heavy trucks 263
• 9.4.3 Aerospace 264
• 9.4.4 Other applications for magnesium alloys 265
• 9.4.5 Future demand for of magnesium in magnesium alloys 265

10. Use of magnesium in metal reduction 267

• 10.1 Future demand for magnesium in metal reduction 271

11. Use of magnesium in desulphurisation 274

• 11.1 Desulphurising technologies 275
• 11.2 Desulphurising agents 278
• 11.3 World production of crude steel 279
• 11.4 Future demand for magnesium in steel desulphurising 280

12. Use of magnesium in electrochemical applications 282

• 12.1 Cathodic protection 283
• 12.2 Magnesium batteries 285
• 12.3 Future demand for magnesium in electrochemical applications 286

13. Use of magnesium in chemicals 287

• 13.1 Future demand for of magnesium in chemical applications 289

14. Use of magnesium in nodular cast iron 290

• 14.1 Production of nodular cast iron 292
• 14.2 Production of ferro silicon magnesium alloys 294
• 14.3 Future trends in consumption of magnesium in nodular iron 294

15. Use of magnesium in minor applications 296

• 15.1 Photo-engraving plates 297
• 15.2 Hydrogen storage 297
• 15.3 Flameless heaters 298
• 15.4 Future trends in consumption of magnesium in minor applications 298

16. Prices of magnesium metal 299

• 16.1 Producer prices 300
• 16.2 Free market prices 301
• 16.2.1 World free market price of magnesium (>99.8% Mg) 301
• 16.2.2 China free market price of magnesium (>99.8% Mg) 303
• 16.2.3 Italy ex-works price of magnesium (>99.8% Mg) 306
• 16.2.4 USA free market price of magnesium (>99.8% Mg) 307
• 16.3 The magnesium/aluminium price ratio and future price trends 309

17. Antidumping and countervailing actions 311

• 17.1 Changes in antidumping duties in 1991 311
• 17.2 Changes in antidumping duties in 1992 311
• 17.3 Changes in antidumping duties in 1993 312
• 17.4 Changes in antidumping duties in 1994 312
• 17.5 Changes in antidumping duties in 1995 312
• 17.6 Changes in antidumping duties in 1996 313
• 17.7 Changes in antidumping duties in 1997 314
• 17.8 Changes in antidumping duties in 1998 315
• 17.9 Changes in antidumping duties in 1999 315
• 17.10 Changes in antidumping duties in 2000 315
• 17.11 Changes in antidumping duties in 2002 316
• 17.12 Changes in antidumping duties in 2003 316
• 17.13 Changes in antidumping duties in 2004 317

List of Tables

• Table 1: World: Estimated primary magnesium nameplate capacity, 1993 & 2003 3
• Table 2: World: Magnesium consumption 2003 and forecast demand 2010 by application 5
• Table 3: Compositions of principal magnesium sources 6
• Table 4: Properties of magnesium 6
• Table 5: Raw materials for magnesium production 8
• Table 6: Details of CECRI monopolar and multipolar cells 12
• Table 7: Magnetherm process: Mass balance 19
• Table 8: Energy consumption of magnesium production processes 21
• Table 9: Energy requirements of magnesium production processes 22
• Table 10: World: Estimated production of primary magnesium by country, 1994 to 2003 26
• Table 11: World: Estimated projected primary magnesium metal production capacity by country and company, 2002 to 2007 28
• Table 12: World: Production of secondary magnesium, 1994 to 2003 30
• Table 13: USA: Magnesium scrap processed and form of recovery, 1997 to 2003 32
• Table 14:World: Estimated secondary magnesium capacity by country and company, Year end 2003 33
• Table 15: Australia: Details of primary magnesium projects, 2004 35
• Table 16: Latrobe Magnesium: Capital and operating costs 38
• Table 17: TCG Unitech: Magnesium products 43
• Table 18: Hydro Magnesium: Details of magnesium plants, 2004 44
• Table 19: Rima Industrial: Details of magnesium alloys 47
• Table 20: Canada: Production, trade and consumption of magnesium, 1990 to 2003 48
• Table 21: Leader Mining: Details of projected operating costs of Cogburn magnesium project 52
• Table 22: Meridian Technologies: Details of magnesium product plants 53
• Table 23: Canada: Exports of magnesium metal by form and destination, 1997 to 2003 56
• Table 24: China: Production of primary magnesium, 1990 to 2003 57
• Table 25: China: Estimated production capacity of primary magnesium producers, end of year 2003 59
• Table 26: Ningxia Huiye Magnesium: Details of production, 2001 and 2002 64
• Table 27: China: Estimated magnesium alloy and granule production capacity, 2003 70
• Table 28: China: Estimated production capacity of magnesium alloy producers, end of year 2003 71
• Table 29: China: Producers of magnesium products in China by type, end of year 2003 72
• Table 30: Dongfeng Automobile: Details of diecast magnesium products 73
• Table 31: China: Exports of magnesium metal by form and destination, 1997 to 2003 77
• Table 32: Pechiney El?ctrom?tallurgie (PEM): Specifications of ferro-silicon magnesium 81
• Table 33: Germany: Imports of magnesium metal by form and destination, 1997 to 2003 85
• Table 34: Israel: Exports of magnesium metal by form and destination recorded by importing country, 1998 to 2003 88
• Table 35: Italy: Imports of magnesium metal by form and destination, 1997 to 2003 91
• Table 36: Japan: Supply of magnesium, 1987 to 2003 92
• Table 37: Japan: Producers of secondary magnesium, 2004 93
• Table 38: Japan: Imports of magnesium metal by form and destination, 1997 to 2003 95
• Table 39: UKTMC: Production of magnesium and magnesium alloys, 1986 to 2003 97
• Table 40: Kazakhstan: Exports of magnesium metal by form and destination recorded by importing country, 1998 to 2003 99
• Table 41: Netherlands: Exports of magnesium metal by form and destination, 1997 to 2003 101
• Table 42: Netherlands: Imports of magnesium metal by form and destination, 1997 to 2003 103
• Table 43: Elkem: Specifications of Elmag? magnesium ferro-silicon alloys 105
• Table 44: Tonsberg Magnesium Group: Details of magnesium diecasting production lines 106
• Table 45: Norway: Imports of magnesium metal by form and destination, 1997 to 2003 107
• Table 46: Russia: Production and sales of magnesium metal and magnesium alloys by company, 1986 to 2003 109
• Table 47: Russia: Exports of magnesium metal by form and destination, 1997 to 2003 115
• Table 48: TCG Unitech: Magnesium products 117
• Table 49: Taiwan: Imports of magnesium metal by form and destination, 1998 to 2003 120
• Table 50: Ukraine: Production of magnesium by company, 1986 to 2003 122
• Table 51: UK: Imports of magnesium metal by form and destination, 1998 to 2003 126
• Table 52: USA: Production of primary and secondary magnesium, 1990 to 2003 128
• Table 53: USA: Producers of secondary magnesium, 2004 131
• Table 54: Contech Metal Forge: Locations of plants 135
• Table 55: Hitchcock Industries: Magnesium alloys and applications 136
• Table 56: Lunt Manufacturing: Details of selected AZ91D magnesium diecast products 138
• Table 57: Lunt Manufacturing: Details of selected AM60B magnesium diecast products 138
• Table 58: Magellan Aerospace: Magnesium alloys used 139
• Table 59: USA: Producers of magnesium powders and ferro-alloys 141
• Table 60: USA: Exports of magnesium metal by form and destination, 1998 to 2003 142
• Table 61: USA: Imports of magnesium metal by form and destination, 1998 to 2003 144
• Table 62: World: Exports of magnesium by region and country, 1998 to 2003 145
• Table 63: World: Exports of unwrought magnesium containing >99.8%Mg by region and country, 1998 to 2003 147
• Table 64: World: Exports of unwrought magnesium containing <99.8%Mg by region and country, 1998 to 2003 148
• Table 65: World: Exports of magnesium waste and scrap by region and country, 1998 to 2003 149
• Table 66: World: Exports of magnesium raspings, turnings, granules and powders by region and country, 1998 to 2003 150
• Table 67: World: Exports of other magnesium and articles by region and country, 1998 to 2003 151
• Table 68: World: Imports of magnesium by region and country, 1998 to 2003 153
• Table 69: Imports of unwrought magnesium containing >99.8%Mg by region and country, 1998 to 2003 155
• Table 70: Imports of unwrought magnesium containing <99.8%Mg by region and country, 1998 to 2003 157
• Table 71: Imports of magnesium waste and scrap by region and country, 1998 to 2003 159
• Table 72: Imports of magnesium raspings, turnings, granules and powders by region and country, 1998 to 2003 160
• Table 73: Imports of other magnesium and articles by region and country, 1998 to 2003 161
• Table 74: World: Consumption of magnesium by region and country, 1994 to 2000 163
• Table 75: Estimated consumption of primary magnesium by region and end use, 2003 165
• Table 76: Estimated consumption of secondary magnesium by region and end use, 2003 165
• Table 77: Estimated consumption of primary and secondary magnesium by region and end use, 2003 166
• Table 78: Western World: Shipments of primary magnesium by region, 1983 to 2002 168
• Table 79: Western World: Shipments of magnesium by leading applications, 1990 to 2002 169
• Table 80: Western World: Shipments of magnesium by minor applications, 1990 to 2002 169
• Table 81: USA and Canada: Shipments of primary magnesium by application, 1995 to 2002 170
• Table 82: Western Europe: Shipments of primary magnesium by application, 1995 to 2002 171
• Table 83: Asia/Oceania: Shipments of primary magnesium by application, 1995 to 2002 172
• Table 84: Latin America: Shipments of primary magnesium by application, 1995 to 2002 173
• Table 85: Africa and Middle East: Shipments of primary magnesium by application, 1995 to 2002 174
• Table 86: Canada: Consumption of magnesium by end use, 1995 to 2001 175
• Table 87: China: Consumption of magnesium by end use, 2000 to 2003 176
• Table 88: CIS: Proportion of magnesium and magnesium alloy production for sale
• by country, 1986 to 2003 178
• Table 89: Japan: Shipments of magnesium metal by application, 1997 to 2004 179
• Table 90: USA: Consumption of primary magnesium in structural uses, 1988 to 2003 181
• Table 91: USA: Consumption of primary magnesium in other uses, 1988 to 2003 182
• Table 92: World: Estimated demand for primary and secondary magnesium by application, 2003 and 2010 182
• Table 93: Estimated consumption of primary and secondary magnesium by region and end use, 2010 183
• Table 94: Western World: Regional shipments of primary magnesium by producers for use in aluminium alloys, 1993 to 2002 185
• Table 95: Western World: Regional shipments of primary magnesium from China and the CIS for use in aluminium alloys, 1993 to 2002 186
• Table 96: International alloy designation system for aluminium alloys 186
• Table 97: Chemical compositions and applications of aluminium casting alloys 187
• Table 98: Chemical compositions and applications of wrought aluminium alloys 187
• Table 99: USA/Canada: Shipments of aluminium for containers and packaging 190
• Table 100: Compositions of aluminium alloys used in can stock 191
• Table 101: Europe: Producers of beverage cans, 2003 195
• Table 102: Europe: Shipments of soft and alcoholic drinks in cans by country, 2002 196
• Table 103: Europe: Share of drinks market held by type of packaging by country, 2002 196
• Table 104: Europe: Shipments of beverage cans, 1997 to 2002 197
• Table 105: Europe: Shipments of cans for use with soft drinks by country, 1998 to 2002 197
• Table 106: Europe: Shipments of cans for use with beer by country, 1998 to 2002 197
• Table 107: Europe: Consumption of aluminium cans by country, 2001 198
• Table 108: USA: Beverage can shipments, 1990 to 2002 198
• Table 109: Europe: Production of aluminium aerosol cans, 1998 to 2003 200
• Table 110: USA: Recycling of aluminium beverage cans, 1990 to 2002 204
• Table 111: Western Europe: Recycling of aluminium cans, 1998 205
• Table 112: USA/Canada: Shipments of aluminium for use in transportation, 1992 to 2002 207
• Table 113: Compositions of the major aluminium alloys used in motor vehicles 207
• Table 114: Aluminium alloys and their automotive applications 208
• Table 115: Examples of aluminium components in automobiles 209
• Table 116: USA: Materials used in a typical family automobile, 1997 to 2004 210
• Table 117: Audi A8: Magnesium content of aluminium components 212
• Table 118: Magnesium content of sheet aluminium in the Ford/Alcan AIV 212
• Table 119: Magnesium content of sheet aluminium in the GM Impact 212
• Table 120: Consumption of materials in selected civil and military aircraft 215
• Table 121: World: Passenger aircraft in service by type, end of 2002 216
• Table 122: World: Numbers and capacity of freight aircraft in service, 2002 217
• Table 123: Airbus: Orders and deliveries up to August 2004 217
• Table 124: Airbus: Orders and deliveries by aircraft up to August 2004 217
• Table 125: Boeing: Deliveries of commercial aircraft by model, 1985 to 2003 218
• Table 126: Europe: Planned production of Eurofighter 219
• Table 127: Chemical composition of commercial aluminium-lithium alloys 222
• Table 128: Alloying additions to aluminium in Alustar alloy, AA5083 and AA5383 223
• Table 129: World: Fast ferry deliveries and orders, 2003 224
• Table 130: Fjellstrand: Details of ferries manufactured 225
• Table 131: Airbus: Forecast regional passenger aircraft and seat deliveries, 2003-2022 230
• Table 132: World: Numbers of freight aircraft in service, 2022 230
• Table 133: Boeing: Forecast mix of passenger aircraft, 2002 and 2022 231
• Table 134: Boeing: Forecast deliveries of passenger aircraft, 2002-2022 231
• Table 135: Boeing: Forecast regional deliveries of passenger aircraft, 2003-2022 231
• Table 136: Rolls Royce: Forecast commercial jet aircraft deliveries by region and size, 2003-2022 232
• Table 137: Rolls Royce: Forecast commercial jet fleet development by region and size, 2002 and 2022 233
• Table 138: Selected countries: Consumption of aluminium in building and construction, 1994 to 2002 235
• Table 139: USA and Canada: Shipments of aluminium to the construction industry, by sector, 1994 to 2002 236
• Table 140: Selected countries: Consumption of aluminium in consumer durable  goods, 1994 to 2002 237
• Table 141: USA and Canada: Shipments of aluminium for use in consumer durable goods, 1991 to 2002 237
• Table 142: Selected countries: Consumption of aluminium for use in machinery and equipment, 1994 to 2002 238
• Table 143: Selected countries: Consumption of aluminium in electrical engineering, 1994 to 2002 239
• Table 144: IMA: Shipments of magnesium for structural applications, 1993 to 2002 241
• Table 145: IMA: Regional shipments of primary magnesium from Western producers for use in diecastings, 1993 to 2002 242
• Table 146: IMA: Regional shipments of primary magnesium from China and the CIS for use in diecastings, 1993 to 2002 243
• Table 147: Specifications of magnesium casting alloys 244
• Table 148: World: Production of magnesium castings by main countries, 1995 to 2002 246
• Table 149: USA: Shipments of magnesium and magnesium alloy castings, 1996 to 2002 246
• Table 150: USA: Average value of magnesium and magnesium alloy castings, 1996 to 2002 247
• Table 151: IMA: Regional shipments of primary magnesium from Western producers for use in wrought products, 1993 to 2002 248
• Table 152: IMA: Regional shipments of primary magnesium from China and the CIS for use in wrought products, 1993 to 2002 249
• Table 153: Criteria for magnesium alloy use in automobile components 251
• Table 154: Fiat Auto SpA: Magnesium use in automobiles 256
• Table 155: Ford: Total use of magnesium and aluminium in 1997 Taurus and P2000 models 258
• Table 156: Potential for magnesium in a small European car 259
• Table 157: World: Production of automobiles by country, 1998 to 2003 260
• Table 158: World: Production of light commercial vehicles by country, 1998 to 2003 262
• Table 159: World: Production of heavy trucks by country, 1999 to 2003 263
• Table 160: IMA: Regional shipments of primary magnesium from Western producers for use in metal reduction, 1993 to 2002 267
• Table 161: IMA: Regional shipments of primary magnesium from China and the CIS for use in metal reduction, 1993 to 2002 268
• Table 162: Theoretical magnesium demand in Kroll process titanium production, 2003 270
• Table 163: World: Production of titanium sponge by country, 1994 to 2003 270
• Table 164: CIS: Production of titanium sponge compared to captive use of magnesium, 1993 to 2002 271
• Table 165: IMA: Regional shipments of primary magnesium from Western producers for use in desulphurisation, 1993 to 2002 274
• Table 166: IMA: Regional shipments of primary magnesium from China and the CIS for use in desulphurisation, 1993 to 2002 275
• Table 167: Desulphurising reagents 278
• Table 168: World: Production of crude steel by region, 1995 to 2003 279
• Table 169: World: Apparent consumption of finished steel by region, 1995 to 2003 280
• Table 170: World: Forecast consumption of finished steel by region and country, 2007 281
• Table 171: IMA: Regional shipments of primary magnesium from Western producers for use in electrochemical applications, 1993 to 2002 283
• Table 172: IMA: Regional shipments of primary magnesium from China and the CIS for use in electrochemical applications, 1993 to 2002 283
• Table 173: IMA: Regional shipments of primary magnesium from Western producers for use in chemical applications, 1993 to 2002 287
• Table 174: IMA: Regional shipments of primary magnesium from China and the CIS for use in chemical applications, 1993 to 2002 288
• Table 175: IMA: Regional shipments of primary magnesium from Western producers for use in nodular iron, 1993 to 2002 290
• Table 176: IMA: Regional shipments of primary magnesium from China and the CIS for use in nodular iron, 1993 to 2002 291
• Table 177: Selected countries: Production of nodular cast iron, 1995 to 2002 293
• Table 178: Selected countries: Production and trade in ferro-silicon magnesium alloys, 1995 to 2002 294
• Table 179: IMA: Regional shipments of primary magnesium from Western producers for use in minor applications, 1993 to 2002 296
• Table 180: IMA: Regional shipments of primary magnesium from China and the CIS for use in minor applications, 1993 to 2002 297
• Table 181: Magnesium: Producer prices, 1983 to 2001 300
• Table 182: World: Quarterly high/low free market price of magnesium minimum 99.8% Mg, 1997 to 2004 302
• Table 183: China: Average quarterly high/low free market price of magnesium minimum 99.8% Mg, 1999 to 2004 304
• Table 184: Italy: Quarterly high/low ex-works price of magnesium minimum 99.8% Mg, 2002 to 2004 306
• Table 185: USA: Quarterly high/low spot western and dealer magnesium prices, 1994 to 2004 308
• Table 186: Magnesium-aluminium price ratio, 1930 to 2003 310
• Table 187: USA: Duties on imported magnesium, January 1st 2004 317

List of Figures

• Figure 1: Estimated magnesium consumption by end-use, 1993 and 2003 1
• Figure 2: Estimated regional consumption of magnesium, 1993 and 2003 2
• Figure 3: USA: Average quarterly high/low spot Western price of magnesium,1994 to 2004 2
• Figure 4: Flow chart of AM process 10
• Figure 5: Flow chart of Amax process 11
• Figure 6: Flow chart of Hydro process 14
• Figure 7: World: Primary magnesium capacity and cost curve, 2003 23
• Figure 8: World: Estimated production of primary and secondary magnesium metal, 1985 to 2003 25
• Figure 9: Estimated production of primary magnesium by main countries, 1994 to 2003 26
• Figure 10: Estimated production of secondary magnesium by main countries, 1994 to 2003 30
• Figure 11: Hydro Magnesium: Production, remelting and recycling of primary magnesium, 1992 to 2003 45
• Figure 12: Brazil: Estimated production of primary magnesium, 1994 to 2003 46
• Figure 13: Canada: Production and consumption of primary magnesium, 1981 to 2003 48
• Figure 14: Canada: Exports of magnesium by form, 1997 to 2003 55
• Figure 15:China: Production of primary magnesium, 1980 to 2003 57
• Figure 16: China: Exports of magnesium by form, 1997 to 2003 77
• Figure 17: Germany: Imports of magnesium by form, 1997 to 2003 85
• Figure 18: Israel: Estimated production of primary magnesium, 1997 to 2003 87
• Figure 19: Japan: Imports of magnesium by form, 1997 to 2003 95
• Figure 20: Kazakhstan: Production of magnesium and magnesium alloys, 1986 to 2003 96
• Figure 21: Netherlands: Exports of magnesium metal by form, 1997 to 2003 101
• Figure 22:Netherlands: Imports of magnesium by form, 1997 to 2003 103
• Figure 23: Norway: Imports of magnesium metal by form, 1998 to 2003 106
• Figure 24: Russia: Production of magnesium and magnesium alloys and amount for sale, 1986 to 2003 108
• Figure 25: Russia: Exports of magnesium by form, 1997 to 2003 115
• Figure 26: Taiwan: Imports of magnesium metal by form, 1998 to 2003 119
• Figure 27: Ukraine: Production of primary magnesium for captive use and for sale, 1986 to 2003 121
• Figure 28: UK: imports of magnesium metal by form, 1998 to 2003 126
• Figure 29 USA: Estimated production of magnesium metal, 1990 to 2003 127
• Figure 30: USA: Exports of magnesium by form, 1997 to 2003 141
• Figure 31: USA: Imports of magnesium by form, 1998 to 2003 143
• Figure 32: World: Consumption of magnesium by main regions, 1994 to 2000 163
• Figure 33: Western World: Shipments of primary magnesium, 1984 to 2003 167
• Figure 34: Western World: Shipments of primary magnesium by main regions, 1983 to 2002 167
• Figure 35: Western World: Shipments of magnesium by application, 1984 to 2002 168
• Figure 36: USA and Canada: Shipments of primary magnesium by main application, 1990 to 2002 170
• Figure 37: Western Europe: Shipments of primary magnesium by application, 1996 to 2002 171
• Figure 38: Asia/Oceania: Shipments of primary magnesium by application, 1990 to 2002 172
• Figure 39: Latin America: Shipments of primary magnesium by application, 1996 to 2003 173
• Figure 40: Africa and Middle East: Shipments of primary magnesium by application, 1990 to 2002 174
• Figure 41: Canada: Consumption of magnesium by end use, 1987 to 2001 175
• Figure 42: China: Consumption of magnesium by major end use, 2000 to 2003 176
• Figure 43: CIS: Production of magnesium and magnesium alloys compared to captive use, 1986 to 2003 177
• Figure 44: Japan: Shipments of magnesium metal by major application, 1996 to 2004 179
• Figure 45: USA: Consumption of primary magnesium, 1988 to 2003 180
• Figure 46: USA: Consumption of magnesium by main end use, 1988 to 2003 181
• Figure 47 World: Forecast demand for primary and secondary magnesium by main application, 2003 and 2010 183
• Figure 48: IMA: Shipments of primary magnesium for use in aluminium alloys from Western and CIS/China producers, 1993 to 2002 185
• Figure 49: USA: Number of cans produced per pound of aluminium, 1972 to 2002 193
• Figure 50: Europe: Markets for aluminium aerosol cans, 2003 200
• Figure 51: USA: Recycling of aluminium beverage cans, 1972 to 2002 204
• Figure 52: USA: Comparison of materials used in beer packaging, 1993 to 2002 206
• Figure 53: USA: Aerospace industry sales by product group, 1988 to 2004 214
• Figure 54: Western World: Passenger aircraft in service by manufacturer, 2002 215
• Figure 55: World: Airbus and Boeing deliveries, 1980 to 2004 216
• Figure 56: World: Deliveries of fast ferries by operating country, 2003 225
• Figure 57: Boeing: Forecast regional size of passenger aircraft fleets, 2002 and 2022 232
• Figure 58: IMA: Shipments of magnesium for structural applications, 1993 to 2002, 241
• Figure 59: IMA: Shipments of primary magnesium for use in diecasting from Western and CIS/China producers, 1993 to 2002 242
• Figure 60: Production of magnesium castings by main countries, 1993 to 2002 245
• Figure 61: IMA: Shipments of primary magnesium for use in wrought products from Western and CIS/China producers, 1993 to 2002 248
• Figure 62: Western World: Shipments of primary magnesium from Western and CIS/China producers for use in metal reduction, 1993 to 2002 267
• Figure 63: CIS: Production of titanium sponge compared to captive use of magnesium, 1993 to 2002 271
• Figure 64: IMA: Shipments of primary magnesium from Western and CIS/China producers for use in desulphurisation, 1993 to 2002 274
• Figure 65: Western World: Shipments of primary magnesium from Western and CIS/China producers for use in electrochemical applications, 1993 to 2002 282
• Figure 66: IMA: Shipments of primary magnesium from Western and CIS/China producers for use in chemicals, 1993 to 2002 287
• Figure 67: Western World: Shipments of primary magnesium from Western and CIS/China producers for use in nodular iron, 1993 to 2002 290
• Figure 68: IMA: Shipments of primary magnesium from Western and CIS/China producers for use in minor applications, 1993 to 2002 296
• Figure 69: Year-end magnesium price1, 1915 to 2003 299
• Figure 70: World: Average quarterly high/low price of magnesium minimum 99.8% Mg, 1997 to 2004 302
• Figure 71: China: Average quarterly high/low price of magnesium minimum 99.8% Mg, fob China main ports, 1999 to 2004 303
• Figure 72: China: Quarterly price of magnesium and ferro-silicon, 2000 to 2004 305
• Figure 73: World and China: Average quarterly free market price of magnesium minimum 99.8% Mg, 1997 to 2004 306
• Figure 74: USA: Average quarterly high/low spot Western price of magnesium, 1994 to 2004 307
• Figure 75: Magnesium-aluminium price ratio, 1930 to 2003 309