世界のチタン金属市場：第4版（2007年）

Abstract

Demand for titanium metal is expanding rapidly in North America, Europe and particularly Asia. Production of titanium sponge, which makes up about 75% of the feed for titanium melting, increased from 74kt in 2003 to 124kt in 2006. The explosive growth of Chinese demand for titanium metal is probably the most notable feature of the world market for titanium since 2003, with shipments of mill products in China reaching 20ktpy by the end of 2006, in comparison to 10kt in 2003. Projects that would increase China' s titanium sponge capacity from about 18kt in 2006 to 56kt by the end of 2007, and to 126kt by 2010, were announced in 2006. The major producers in the USA, Russia and Japan are also installing new titanium sponge, melting and mill product capacity, principally to meet growing demand for high quality material from exacting aerospace industry. The commercial aerospace industries in the USA and Europe are recovering strongly, and aerospace demand for high-grade titanium and titanium alloy mill products is growing at about 7%py. The world fleet of passenger aircraft is forecast to double by 2025, and the new large passenger jets will use much higher proportions of titanium than current aircraft.

The key trends, issues and developments in the market are analysed in this major new report from Roskill. It provides a clear insight into the industry and its trends, and an authoritative analysis of the prospects for the future.

What the report gives you

• Independent, in-depth research and analysis
• Essential market intelligence for successful business planning
• Detailed survey of production and processing in 61 countries
• Up-to-date profiles of the activities of over 70 titanium metal producing and processing companies, and new projects, including VSMPO Avisma, Sumitomo Titanium Corp., Zunyi Titanium Stock Co. and Timet
• Forecasts for end-use consumption and world supply and demand

Report highlights

Spot prices for titanium sponge, which had been historically stable at typically between $5 and $7/kg, increased by a factor of four in the first half of 2005, with rising demand globally, and limited supply capacity. In the third quarter of 2006, the USGS was quoting a high value of US imports of sponge of $28.24/kg. The market started to weaken in late 2006 and early 2007, as supplies from China and elsewhere became more plentiful. In January 2007, Chinese 99.6%Ti grade sponge was being quoted at about $15/kg, compared with a high of $29/kg in July 2006.

Titanium ingot production amounted to about 145kt in 2006, 88% in the USA, Russia, Japan and China. Of the principal ingot and mill product producing companies, VSMPO Avisma, Timet, RTI, ATI, Toho and Baoji all intend to increase capacity by 2010.

World output of ferrotitanium is of the order of 80ktpy (70%Ti equivalent) and is produced principally in Russia, by VSMPO Avisma and Klyuchevsky, in the UK by London and Scandinavian. In 2006, it became clear that Chinese production of ferrotitanium was increasing significantly as exports rose to over 10,000t.

The global market for titanium mill products in 2005 was about 83kt, and probably exceeded 90kt in 2006. A further 45kt was consumed in the form or ferrotitanium. Demand for mill products is forecast to grow by 6.8%py up to 2011, resulting in a market for 124kt, requiring 230kt of sponge. Industrial markets outside the EU and North America will grow at about 10%py.

In an effort to substantially reduce the cost of titanium, there are more than 20 research programmes globally into the direct and continuous production of titanium metal from its ore or titanium dioxide. Should an order of magnitude reduction in cost become a reality, penetration of the automotive market is probably the greatest prize.

Table of Contents

1. Summary

2. History, occurrence, and resources of titanium

• 2.1 History of the discovery of titanium metal
• 2.2 Properties of titanium metal
  • 2.2.1 Crystallography of titanium metal
• 2.3 Mineralogy and occurrence of titanium
  • 2.3.1 Mineralogy of titanium
• 2.4 Occurrence
• 2.5 Resources

3. Mining, processing and refining of titanium

• 3.1 Mining and concentration
• 3.2 Upgrading of ilmenite to titanium mineral and metal feedstocks
  • 3.2.1 Production of titanium slag
  • 3.2.2 Production of synthetic rutile
    • 3.2.2.1 The Becher process
    • 3.2.2.2 The Benilite process
  • 3.2.3 Composition of synthetic rutile
• 3.3 Natural rutile
• 3.4 Processing of rutile and titanium slag to titanium metal
  • 3.4.1 Production of titanium sponge
    • 3.4.1.1 The Kroll process
    • 3.4.1.2 The Hunter process
    • 3.4.1.3 Molten salt chlorination
  • 3.4.2 New technologies for recovery of titanium metal
    • 3.4.2.1 Armstrong/ITP
    • 3.4.2.2 CSIR
    • 3.4.2.3 CSIRO TiRO"!
    • 3.4.2.4 DMR
    • 3.4.2.5 DuPont
    • 3.4.2.6 EMR/MSE
    • 3.4.2.7 FFC / Cambridge University
    • 3.4.2.8 GTT s.r.l. (Ginatta)
    • 3.4.2.9 Idaho Titanium Technologies (ITT)
    • 3.4.2.10 MER Corp
    • 3.4.2.11 Metalysis
    • 3.4.2.12 MIT Two-year Titanium Initiative
    • 3.4.2.13 Norsk Titanium
    • 3.4.2.14 OS (Ono/Suzuki; Kyoto Univ.)
    • 3.4.2.15 Peruke (Pty) Ltd.
    • 3.4.2.16 Preform Reduction
    • 3.4.2.17 QIT
    • 3.4.2.18 SRI International
    • 3.4.2.19 Vartech
• 3.5 Processing of titanium sponge
  • 3.5.1 The double and triple vacuum arc remelting processes
  • 3.5.2 Cold hearth melting processes
  • 3.5.3 Induction Skull Melting
  • 3.5.4 Grades of titanium metal
  • 3.5.5 Melting techniques used by principal companies
• 3.6 Manufacture of titanium mill products and forgings
• 3.7 Titanium powder metallurgy (PM)
  • 3.7.1 Powder manufacturing processes
    • 3.7.1.1 Blended elemental technique (BE)
    • 3.7.1.2 Pre-alloyed powder production
• 3.8 Production of ferrotitanium
• 3.9 Generation of titanium scrap
• 3.1 Titanium metal production costs
  • 3.10.1 Titanium sponge production costs

4. World supply of titanium minerals and metal

• 4.1 Supply of titanium minerals
  • 4.1.1 Companies producing titanium slag, rutile and synthetic rutile
  • 4.1.2 New projects for the production of rutile and titanium slag
• 4.2 Supply of titanium sponge
  • 4.2.1 Companies producing titanium sponge
  • 4.2.2 Future supply of titanium sponge
• 4.3 Supply of titanium scrap
• 4.4 Supply of titanium melted products
  • 4.4.1 Companies producing unwrought titanium
  • 4.4.2 Future expansion of titanium melting capacity
• 4.5 Supply of titanium mill products
  • 4.5.1 Future supply of titanium mill products
• 4.6 Supply of titanium powder
• 4.7 Supply of ferrotitanium

5. Notes on the production and use of titanium by country

• 5.1 Armenia
• 5.2 Australia
  • 5.2.1 Producers of rutile and synthetic rutile in Australia
    • 5.2.1.1 Iluka Resources Ltd
    • 5.2.1.2 Tiwest Joint Venture
    • 5.2.1.3 Bemax Resources
• 5.3 Austria
• 5.4 Belgium
• 5.5 Brazil
• 5.6 Canada
• 5.7 China
  • 5.7.1 Production of titanium minerals
  • 5.7.2 Producers of titanium sponge
    • 5.7.2.1 Zunyi Titanium Stock Co
    • 5.7.2.2 Fushun Jinming Titanium
    • 5.7.2.3 Tiantai Chemicals Company
    • 5.7.2.4 Chaoyang Hundred Sheng Company
    • 5.7.2.5 Chaoyang Jinda Titanium Co.
    • 5.7.2.6 Huludao Titanium Co
    • 5.7.2.7 Jiangxi Jintai Enterprises
    • 5.7.2.8 Jinzhou Huashen Nonferrous
    • 5.7.2.9 Zhongda Titanium Co Ltd
  • 5.7.3 New titanium sponge projects
    • 5.7.3.1 Aricom/Chinalco
    • 5.7.3.2 Gangcheng Enterprise
    • 5.7.3.3 Guizhou South-West Titanium Co Ltd
    • 5.7.3.4 Hainan Steel/Shanghai Fuxing/Shaanxi Bao Ti
    • 5.7.3.5 Hainan Xinmei Technic Co
    • 5.7.3.6 Jinchuan Group
    • 5.7.3.7 Jinzhou Ferroalloy Plant/CITC Group
    • 5.7.3.8 Orient Titanium
    • 5.7.3.9 Shanxi Shenli Titanium Co
    • 5.7.3.10 Shuangrui Wanji Titanium Company
    • 5.7.3.11 Sichuan Sanyang Titanium Investment Co Ltd
    • 5.7.3.12 Songliang Copper Co. Ltd
    • 5.7.3.13 Tangshan Tianhe Titanium
    • 5.7.3.14 Xingtai Titanium Company
  • 5.7.4 Producers of titanium ingot and mill products
    • 5.7.4.1 Baimtec Material
    • 5.7.4.2 Baoji Titanium
    • 5.7.4.3 Baoshan Iron and Steel Holding Special Steel Division
    • 5.7.4.4 Beijing Zhongbei Titanium
    • 5.7.4.5 Bongen Titanium (China) Co
    • 5.7.4.6 Changzhou Valinox Great Wall Welded Tube
    • 5.7.4.7 Donggang Dongfang Hi-Tech Company
    • 5.7.4.8 Northwest Institute for Nonferrous Metal Research
    • 5.7.4.9 Pangang Group (Panzhihua Iron & Steel)
    • 5.7.4.10 Shenyang Jinchi Titanium
    • 5.7.4.11 Xi' an Baotimet Valinox Tubes
    • 5.7.4.12 Other companies
  • 5.7.5 Producers of ferrotitanium
• 5.8 Czech Republic
• 5.9 Finland
• 5.10 France
  • 5.10.1 Timet Savoie
  • 5.10.2 Vallourec SA
  • 5.10.3 Specitubes
  • 5.10.4 Precision Castparts Corporation
  • 5.10.5 Aubert&Duval
  • 5.10.6 Other companies
• 5.11 Germany
  • 5.11.1 ThyssenKrupp Titanium GmbH
  • 5.11.2 Other companies
• 5.12 India
  • 5.12.1 Titanium sponge projects
  • 5.12.2 Production of titanium ingot and mill products
    • 5.12.2.1 Mishra Dhatu Nigam (Midhani)
    • 5.12.2.2 Other companies
  • 5.12.3 Producers of ferrotitanium
• 5.13 Italy
  • 5.13.1 ThyssenKrupp Titanium SpA
  • 5.13.2 Loterios SpA
• 5.14 Japan
  • 5.14.1 Titanium sponge and ingot
  • 5.14.1.1 Sumitomo Titanium Corporation
  • 5.14.1.2 Toho Titanium Co Ltd
  • 5.14.1.3 Kobe Steel
  • 5.14.1.4 Other companies
• 5.15 Kazakhstan
  • 5.15.1 Ust-Kamenogorsk Titanium and Magnesium Plant (UKTMP)
• 5.16 Kenya
• 5.17 South Korea
• 5.18 Mexico
• 5.19 The Netherlands
• 5.20 Norway
• 5.21 Russia
  • 5.21.1 Titanium minerals
  • 5.21.2 Producers of titanium
    • 5.21.2.1 VSMPO Avisma
    • 5.21.2.2 Other ingot and mill product producers
  • 5.21.3 Producers of ferrotitanium
    • 5.21.3.1 VSMPO Avisma
    • 5.21.3.2 Kluchevsky Ferro-Alloy Plant
    • 5.21.3.3 Other ferrotitanium producers
• 5.22 Slovakia
• 5.23 South Africa
• 5.24 Spain
• 5.25 Sweden
• 5.26 Taiwan
• 5.27 UK
  • 5.27.1 Producers and processors of titanium metal
    • 5.27.1.1 Timet UK
    • 5.27.1.2 ATI Titanium International
    • 5.27.1.3 Metalysis Titanium
    • 5.27.1.4 Wogen Titanium
    • 5.27.1.5 Other titanium fabricators
  • 5.27.2 Producers of ferrotitanium
    • 5.27.2.1 London & Scandinavian Metallurgical Co Ltd
    • 5.27.2.2 Metals & Alloys Titanium Products
    • 5.27.2.3 Other companies
• 5.28 Ukraine
  • 5.28.1 Titanium concentrates
  • 5.28.2 Titanium sponge
    • 5.28.2.1 Zaporozhye Titanium & Magnesium Combine (ZTMK)
    • 5.28.2.2 Titanium ingot and mill products
• 5.29 USA
  • 5.29.1 Titanium minerals
  • 5.29.2 Titanium sponge
  • 5.29.3 Titanium scrap
  • 5.29.4 Unwrought titanium products
  • 5.29.5 Titanium mill products and articles
  • 5.29.6 Duties on titanium imports
  • 5.29.7 Producers of titanium metal and products
    • 5.29.7.1 Titanium Metals Corporation (Timet)
    • 5.29.7.2 Allegheny Technologies Inc
    • 5.29.7.3 RTI International Metals Inc
    • 5.29.7.4 Howmet Castings
    • 5.29.7.5 Alta Group
    • 5.29.7.6 Perryman Co
  • 5.29.8 Fabricators of titanium
    • 5.29.8.1 Dynamet Incorporated
    • 5.29.8.2 Ladish Co
    • 5.29.8.3 Precision Castparts Corp
    • 5.29.8.4 Titanium Industries
    • 5.29.8.5 Other titanium producers and fabricators
  • 5.29.9 Scrap processors and suppliers
  • 5.29.10 Ferrotitanium

6. Consumption of titanium metal

• 6.1 Consumption of titanium metal by end use
  • 6.1.1 USA
  • 6.1.2 EU
  • 6.1.3 Japan
  • 6.1.4 China
  • 6.1.5 Other
• 6.2 Future demand for titanium metal by major application

7. Forms and fabrication of titanium metal

• 7.1 Commercially pure (CP) titanium
• 7.2 Titanium alloys
  • 7.2.1 Alpha-beta alloys
  • 7.2.2 Alpha class alloys
  • 7.2.3 Beta class alloys
  • 7.2.4 Shape memory alloys
  • 7.2.5 Specialised titanium alloys and composites
    • 7.2.5.1 Titanium aluminides
    • 7.2.5.2 Niobium-titanium alloys
    • 7.2.5.3 Titanium nitride, carbide, and carbonitride
    • 7.2.5.4 Reinforced alloys and intermetallics  metal matrix composites
    • 7.2.5.5 Titanium in honeycomb structures
    • 7.2.5.6 Porous titanium
• 7.3 Fabrication of titanium metal and alloy products
  • 7.3.1 Casting
  • 7.3.2 Hot isostatic pressing
  • 7.3.3 Superplastic forming
  • 7.3.4 Diffusion bonding
  • 7.3.5 Powder metallurgy
  • 7.3.6 Flowforming
  • 7.3.7 Selective laser sintering/ hot isostatic pressing
  • 7.3.8 Rapid solidification processing
  • 7.3.9 Dispersoid strengthening
  • 7.3.10 Brazing
  • 7.3.11 Surface hardening
  • 7.3.12 Heated roll rolling

8. Uses of titanium metal

• 8.1 Use of titanium metal in aerospace
  • 8.1.1 Trends in titanium consumption in aircraft
  • 8.1.2 Aero engines
  • 8.1.3 Airframes
    • 8.1.3.1 Military airframes
  • 8.1.4 Alternative materials
  • 8.1.5 Structure of the aerospace industry
    • 8.1.5.1 Airframe companies
    • 8.1.5.2 Aero engine companies
    • 8.1.5.3 Helicopter companies
  • 8.1.6 Historic trends in the commercial aerospace industry
    • 8.1.6.1 Large passenger and regional jet aircraft
    • 8.1.6.2 Aero Engines
    • 8.1.6.3 Cargo airliners
    • 8.1.6.4 General aviation
  • 8.1.7 Military procurement plans
    • 8.1.7.1 Fighters and transporters
    • 8.1.7.2 Helicopters
  • 8.1.8 Titanium in space flight
  • 8.1.9 Outlook for titanium demand in aerospace
• 8.2 Use of titanium metal in industrial applications
  • 8.2.1 Use of titanium metal in heat exchangers
  • 8.2.2 Use of titanium metal in chemical and petrochemical process equipment
    • 8.2.2.1 Chemical and food processing
    • 8.2.2.2 Cathodic protection and electrochemical applications
    • 8.2.2.3 Chloralkali processing
  • 8.2.3 Use of titanium metal in power generation and transmission
    • 8.2.3.1 Condenser tubes
    • 8.2.3.2 Flue gas desulphurisation (FGD)
    • 8.2.3.3 Steam turbine blades
    • 8.2.3.4 Other power generation uses
    • 8.2.3.5 Nuclear power stations
    • 8.2.3.6 Nuclear fuel and waste containers
  • 8.2.4 Use of titanium metal in the oil and gas industry
  • 8.2.5 Use of titanium metal in metal recovery and electrorefining
  • 8.2.6 Use of titanium metal in geothermal energy
  • 8.2.7 Use of titanium metal in non-military marine applications
  • 8.2.8 Use of titanium metal in water desalination
  • 8.2.9 Use of titanium metal in building and construction
  • 8.2.10 Use of titanium metal in tool and machinery coatings
  • 8.2.11 Use of titanium metal in automotive applications
    • 8.2.11.1 Exhaust systems
    • 8.2.11.2 Suspension springs
    • 8.2.11.3 Valves and valve springs
    • 8.2.11.4 Brake pads
    • 8.2.11.5 Other parts
    • 8.2.11.6 Concept cars
    • 8.2.11.7 Racing and high speed cars
    • 8.2.11.8 Other uses
  • 8.2.12 Use of titanium metal in other industrial uses
    • 8.2.12.1 Fibre reinforcements
    • 8.2.12.2 Heating elements
    • 8.2.12.3 High stress instruments
  • 8.2.13 Outlook for titanium metal in industrial applications
• 8.3 Use of titanium metal in non-aerospace military applications
  • 8.3.1 Armour
  • 8.3.2 Field guns and small arms
  • 8.3.3 Naval applications
  • 8.3.4 Outlook for titanium in land and sea based military applications
• 8.4 Use of titanium metal in consumer applications
  • 8.4.1 Golf clubs
  • 8.4.2 Bicycles
  • 8.4.3 Other sports equipment
  • 8.4.4 Non-sport consumer applications
    • 8.4.4.1 Spectacles, sunglasses and jewellery
    • 8.4.4.2 Watches
    • 8.4.4.3 Kitchenware
    • 8.4.4.4 Other uses
  • 8.4.5 Outlook for titanium demand in consumer applications
• 8.5 Use of titanium metal in medicine
  • 8.5.1 Hip and knee prostheses
  • 8.5.2 Spinal implants and cages
  • 8.5.3 Heart components
  • 8.5.4 Dentistry
  • 8.5.5 Other uses
  • 8.5.6 Outlook for titanium in medical applications
• 8.6 Use of titanium in high technology applications
  • 8.6.1 Sputtering targets
  • 8.6.2 Superconductivity
  • 8.6.3 Computers
• 8.7 Other end uses for titanium-based alloys
• 8.8 Use of titanium in steels, superalloys and other minor alloys
  • 8.8.1 Carbon steel
    • 8.8.1.1 Markets for carbon steels
  • 8.8.2 Stainless steels
    • 8.8.2.1 Production and consumption of stainless steel
  • 8.8.3 Tool, die and valve steel
  • 8.8.4 Superalloys
  • 8.8.5 Alloys other than steel and superalloys
  • 8.8.6 Outlook for titanium in steels, super alloys and other minor alloys

9. Analysis of international trade data for titanium metal

• 9.1 Trade in unwrought titanium
  • 9.1.1 Exports
  • 9.1.2 Imports
• 9.2 Trade in titanium waste and scrap
  • 9.2.1 Exports
  • 9.2.2 Imports
• 9.3 Trade in titanium mill products and articles
  • 9.3.1 Exports
  • 9.3.2 Imports
• 9.4 Trade in ferrotitanium
  • 9.4.1 Exports
  • 9.4.2 Imports

10. Titanium marketing and prices

• 10.1 Titanium sponge prices
• 10.2 Titanium scrap prices
• 10.3 Titanium melted and mill products prices
  • 10.3.1 Melted product
  • 10.3.2 Mill products
• 10.4 Ferrotitanium prices
• 10.5 Outlook for titanium prices

List of Tables

• Table 1: Titanium: Comparison of properties with other metals
• Table 2: World: Measured indicated and inferred resources of ilmenite and
• Table 3: Comparative analyses of synthetic rutile by producer
• Table 4: Comparative analyses of natural rutile by producer
• Table 5: Summary of emerging reduction technologies
• Table 6: Titanium metal: Grades and names of the most widely used products
• Table 7: Titanium metal: Composition of commercially pure grades
• Table 8: Typical tensile properties of commercially pure (CP) grades of titanium
• Table 9: Titanium melting technology used by principal companies, and
• Table 10: Suppliers of titanium powder, 2006
• Table 11: World: Mine production of titanium minerals, 1996 to 2005
• Table 12: World: Estimated use of titanium feedstocks in production of titanium
• Table 13: World: Production of rutile, titanium slag and synthetic rutile by country,
• Table 14: World: Principal producing companies: Rutile, synthetic rutile and
• Table 15: World: New projects for the production of rutile and titanium slag
• Table 16: World: Production of titanium sponge by country, 1995 to 2006
• Table 17: World: Titanium sponge producing companies, 2006
• Table 18: World: Forecast capacity for the production of titanium sponge, 2010
• Table 19: USA and Japan: Production of titanium melted products, 1991 to 2006
• Table 20: Locations and capacities of titanium melting companies, 2005
• Table 21: Capacities of selected ferrotitanium producing companies, 2006
• Table 22: Austria: Exports and imports of titanium products, 2001 to 2005
• Table 23: Belgium: Exports and imports of titanium products, 2001 to 2005
• Table 24: Brazil: Exports and imports of titanium products, 2001 to 2005
• Table 25: Canada: Exports and imports of titanium products, 2001 to 2006
• Table 26: China: Supply and disposal of titanium products, 2001 to 2006
• Table 27: China: Existing and proposed titanium sponge operations, 2006 to 2010
• Table 28: China Production and capacity of titanium ingot and mill products by
• Table 29: Czech Republic: Exports and imports of titanium products, 2001 to 2005
• Table 30: France: Exports and imports of titanium products, 2001 to 2005
• Table 31: Germany: Exports and imports of titanium products, 2001 to 2005
• Table 32: India: Production of rutile and synthetic rutile by company, 2004 and 2005
• Table 33: Italy: Exports and imports of titanium products, 2002 to 2005
• Table 34: Japan: Supply and disposal of titanium products, 2001 to 2006
• Table 35: Japan: Production of mill products by type of product, 1995 to 2005
• Table 36: Japan: Production of titanium sponge by company, 1997 to 2006
• Table 37: Japan: Manufacturers of titanium ingot and their capacity
• Table 38: Sumitomo Metal Industries: Capacity for the production of mill products
• Table 39: Kazakhstan: Inferred exports of titanium sponge, 2000 to 2006
• Table 40: South Korea: Exports and imports of titanium products, 2001 to 2005
• Table 41: Netherlands: Exports and imports of titanium products, 2005 to 2005
• Table 42: Russia: Production and international trade in titanium products,
• Table 43: Spain: International trade in titanium products, 2003 to 2005
• Table 44: Sweden: International trade in titanium products, 2001 to 2005
• Table 45: Taiwan: International trade in titanium products, 2001 to 2005
• Table 46: UK: International trade in titanium products, 2001 to 2006
• Table 47: UK: Titanium products of Timet UK
• Table 48: Ukraine: Production and exports of titanium, 1998 to 2006
• Table 49: USA: Production and international trade of titanium products,
• Table 50: USA: Supply and disposal of titanium sponge, 1998 to 2006
• Table 51: USA: Supply and disposal of titanium scrap, 1998 to 2003
• Table 52: USA: Supply and disposal of unwrought titanium, excluding sponge
• Table 53: USA: supply and disposal of titanium mill products and castings,
• Table 54: USA: Shipments of titanium metal products by major companies,
• Table 55: USA: Titanium sponge and ingot production capacity by company, 2006
• Table 56: Timet: Major production facilities, practical capacities, 2006
• Table 57: Timet shipments of mill products, 2006
• Table 58: RTI: Manufacturing facilities (Titanium Group)
• Table 59: World: Estimated annual markets for titanium in mill products and
• Table 60: USA and Japan: Reported consumption of titanium products, 1997
• Table 61: World: Consumption of titanium mill products by region and major
• Table 62: USA: Reported consumption of titanium in steel and other low titanium
• Table 63: Japan: Shipments of titanium mill products by industry, 2001 to 2006
• Table 64: World: Forecast demand for titanium mill products, 2011
• Table 65: ASTM and UNS grades of titanium alloy
• Table 66: Commercial titanium alloys classified by major use
• Table 67: Comparison of yield strengths of selected CP titanium and titanium alloys
• Table 68: Typical markets for titanium alloy types
• Table 69: Widely used titanium alloys
• Table 70: b alloys: Selected commercial products
• Table 71: Titanium aluminides: Comparison of properties with competing materials
• Table 72: Titanium aluminides and alloys: Comparison of processing technology
• Table 73: g aluminides: Processing methods
• Table 74: Titanium alloy coatings: Properties and characteristics of various products
• Table 75: Honeycomb structures: Properties of metals and alloys used in foils
• Table 76: Super Plastic Forming: Properties of titanium alloys used in SPF
• Table 77: Titanium powder processors
• Table 78: Western world: Titanium buy-weights for commercial and military aircraft
• Table 79: Typical buy-weights of titanium for some widely used aero engines
• Table 80: Use of titanium in commercial aerospace engines, 2005
• Table 81: Titanium usage in the airframe of the F22 fighter
• Table 82: Commercial aero engines by thrust, aircraft type and manufacturer
• Table 83: World: Active fleet of commercial jet aircraft, 2006
• Table 84: Deliveries of jet airliners by company, 2003 to 2006
• Table 85: Delivery of aero engine units by size, 1986 to 2005
• Table 86: Europe: Military aircraft procurement plans, 2006 to 2011
• Table 87: Aircraft deliveries and titanium buy-in weight, 2006 to 2025
• Table 88: Europe: Deliveries and titanium buy-in weight for military aerospace,
• Table 89: World: Estimated industrial markets for titanium, 2005
• Table 90: Process fluids that come into contact with titanium
• Table 91: Europe: Chlorine capacity by major company, 2006
• Table 92: USA: Estimated chlorine capacity by company, 2007
• Table 93: World: Nuclear power plants in operation and under construction, 2006
• Table 94: Installed titanium stress joints on offshore oil and gas platforms
• Table 95: Examples of oil and gas projects that use titanium systems
• Table 96: Corrosion performance of titanium and competing materials in natural
• Table 97: Standard automobile components made from titanium
• Table 98: Europe: Forecast of industrial markets for titanium, 2006 to 2011
• Table 99: Abrams M1A2 tank: Weight saved by using titanium components
• Table 100: Comparison of metallic armour materials
• Table 101: US Navy: Use of titanium by class of ship
• Table 102: Approximate division of demand for carbon steel by market in the
• Table 103: Compositions of selected tool, die and valve steels containing titanium
• Table 104: Selected countries: Production of tool and high speed steel, 1995
• Table 105: Compositions of selected superalloys and high performance alloys
• Table 106: Leading producers of high performance alloys
• Table 107: Compositions of selected medium temperature alloys containing
• Table 108: Reporting countries: International trade in titanium metal and
• Table 109: Reporting countries: Exports of unwrought titanium, 2002 to 2006
• Table 110: Reporting countries: Exports of unwrought titanium by country of
• Table 111: Reporting countries: Imports of unwrought titanium, 2002 to 2006
• Table 112: Reporting countries: Imports of unwrought titanium by country of
• Table 113: Reporting countries: Exports of titanium waste and scrap, 2002 to 2006
• Table 114: Reporting countries: Exports of titanium waste and scrap by country
• Table 115: Reporting countries: Imports of titanium waste and scrap, 2002 to 2006
• Table 116: Reporting countries: Imports of titanium waste and scrap by country of
• Table 117: Reporting countries: Exports of titanium articles, 2001 to 2006
• Table 118: Reporting countries: Exports of titanium articles by country of
• Table 119: Reporting countries: Imports of titanium articles, 2001 to 2006
• Table 120: Reporting countries: Imports of titanium articles by country of
• Table 121: Reporting countries: Exports of ferrotitanium 2001 to 2006
• Table 122: Reporting countries: Exports of ferrotitanium by country of
• Table 123: Reporting countries: Imports of ferrotitanium, 2001 to 2006
• Table 124: Reporting countries: Imports of ferrotitanium by country of origin, 2005
• Table 125: USA: Mean year-end prices for titanium sponge, 1941 to 2006
• Table 126: Europe and USA: Published prices for titanium sponge, 1986 to 2007
• Table 127: Quarterly unit value based on land duty-paid US imports of titanium
• Table 128: UK: Price changes, for unprocessed titanium scrap turnings, 1993
• Table 129: Selected countries: Average values for exports and imports of titanium
• Table 130: Timet: Average prices for shipment of titanium melted product,
• Table 131: USA: Average values for exports and imports of titanium ingot,
• Table 132: Average prices for shipments of mill products, 1996 to 2006
• Table 133: USA: Estimated market prices for industrial titanium products,
• Table 134: USA: Estimated market prices of titanium, 2005-2006
• Table 135: Selected countries: Average values for international trade in titanium
• Table 136: Europe and China: Selected reported prices for ferrotitanium,
• Table 137: MB free market prices for 70%Ti ferrotitanium (max 4.5% Al),

List of Figures

• Figure 1: World sponge capacity and output
• Figure 2: World: Ingot melting capacity by company, 2006
• Figure 3: World: Ilmenite resources (TZMI) by principal country
• Figure 4: World: Rutile resources (TZMI) by principal country
• Figure 5: Production process flow chart for heavy mineral sands
• Figure 6: Becher process for production of synthetic rutile
• Figure 7: Cold hearths: Simplified process diagram
• Figure 8: Titanium products: Manufacturing process from ingot to mill product
• Figure 9: Division of costs to produce titanium plate
• Figure 10: Kroll titanium sponge process: Distribution of costs
• Figure 11: World: Mine production of titanium minerals by principal country,
• Figure 12: Division of production of titanium minerals by country, 2005
• Figure 13: World: Production of titanium sponge, 1995-2006
• Figure 14: USA: Comparison of the use of titanium scrap and its price, 1993 to 2005
• Figure 15: Production of titanium melted products in the USA and Japan,
• Figure 16: Production of titanium melted products in principal countries, 2006
• Figure 17: World: Approximate division of production of titanium ingot by
• Figure 18: World: Division of titanium melting capacity by principal company, 2006
• Figure 19: World: Division of titanium mill product output by country/region, 2005
• Figure 20: Australia: Production and exports of rutile and synthetic rutile,
• Figure 21: Japan: Production of titanium sponge, ingot and mill products,
• Figure 22: Russia: Production of titanium sponge and mill products, 1988 to 2006
• Figure 23: VSMPO Avisma: Shipments of titanium products to domestic and
• Figure 24: VSMPO Avisma: Division of refined titanium sales by product, 2005
• Figure 25: USA Production, consumption and imports of titanium sponge,
• Figure 26: USA: Titanium ingot production and scrap usage, 1988 to 2006
• Figure 27: USA: Comparison of production and consumption of titanium ingot with sponge consumption, 1978 to 2006
• Figure 28: World: Estimated division of consumption of titanium mill products in
• Figure 29: World: Consumption of titanium mill products by region and major
• Figure 30: USA: Division of titanium mill product consumption by market 1993
• Figure 31: EU: Market for titanium mill products, 2005
• Figure 32: Japan: Use of titanium mill products by industry 1995 to 2006
• Figure 33: China: Division of consumption of titanium mill products by market, 2005
• Figure 34: Titanium alloys: Characteristics of alloy groups
• Figure 35: Near net shape processes for components such as conrods and valves
• Figure 36: Buy-in weights of titanium by type of aircraft
• Figure 37: Titanium content per aircraft, 1960 to 2020
• Figure 38: Materials used in the airframes of the MD80 and B787
• Figure 39: Europe: Helicopter market, 2005
• Figure 40: World large jet aircraft active fleet by manufacturer, 2006
• Figure 41: World: Commercial jet aircraft delivery, 1980 to 2006
• Figure 42: Airbus and Boeing: Orders and deliveries, 1990 to 2006
• Figure 43: World: Commercial aero engine sales by company, 2007
• Figure 44: Forecast deliveries of passenger jets by make, 2006 to 2025
• Figure 45: World: Active jet passenger fleet, deliveries and retirements,
• Figure 46: World: Titanium buy-weights for passenger jets delivered, 2006 to 2025
• Figure 47: World: Division of industrial applications of titanium by principal
• Figure 48: World: Division of chloralkali plants by type, 2006
• Figure 49: World: Chloralkali plants by region, 2006
• Figure 50: World: Growth of power generating capacity by region 1980 to 2020
• Figure 51: World: Division of production of vehicles by principal country, 2005
• Figure 52: Approximate market shares of hip and knee prostheses, 2005
• Figure 53: USA: Reported consumption of ferrotitanium by application,
• Figure 54: World: Production of crude steel by principal country, 2005
• Figure 55: World: Production of stainless steel by region, 1995 to 2005
• Figure 56: World: Division of production of stainless steel by principal country, 2005
• Figure 57: Exports of unwrought titanium by principal country, 2002 to 2006
• Figure 58: World: Division of exports of unwrought titanium by principal
• Figure 59: Imports of unwrought titanium by principal countries, 2002 to 2005
• Figure 60: Reporting countries: Division of imports of unwrought titanium, 2005
• Figure 61: Exports of titanium waste and scrap by principal countries, 2002 to 2004
• Figure 62: Reporting countries: Division of exports of titanium waste and
• Figure 63: Imports of titanium waste and scrap by principal countries, 2002 to 2006
• Figure 64: Reporting countries: Division of imports of unwrought titanium, 2005
• Figure 65: Exports of titanium articles by principal countries, 2001 to 2005
• Figure 66: Reporting countries: Division of exports of titanium articles, 2005
• Figure 67: Imports of titanium articles by principal countries, 2001 to 2005
• Figure 68: Reporting countries: Division of imports of unwrought titanium, 2005
• Figure 69: Exports of ferrotitanium by principal countries, 2001 to 2005
• Figure 70: Reporting countries: Division of exports of ferrotitanium, 2005
• Figure 71: Imports of ferrotitanium by principal countries, 2001 to 2005
• Figure 72: Reporting countries: Division of imports of ferrotitanium, 2005
• Figure 73: USA: Mean year-end prices for titanium sponge 1941 to third
• Figure 74: Average monthly values of US imports of sponge by country or origin,
• Figure 75: Mean UK month-end prices for titanium scrap turnings 1993 to 2006
• Figure 76: Timet: Average prices of shipments of titanium mill products,
• Figure 77: MB free market mean month-end prices for 70%Ti ferrotitanium,
• Figure 78: Comparison of large aircraft deliveries and sponge prices, 1989 to
• Figure 79: Comparison of world sponge production and annual average prices