世界のマンガン市場

No substitute in global production of steel

Most manganese, around 90% of global output, is used in the production of iron and steel, an application in which it is essential and where it has no real substitutes. Trends in consumption of manganese thus reflect those in the global steel industry and will continue to do so.

Global steel production has been in a growth phase since the turn of the century and output rose by an average of about 6%py between 2000 and 2006. Steel demand has been forecast to increase by nearly 7%py in 2007/08 and by 4-5%py to 2015. On the basis of those forecasts, demand for manganese could reach 18-19Mtpy contained Mn by 2015.

The regional pattern of growth in demand for steel is uneven, with China recording very high rates of increase. Strong growth is also seen in India and Russia, while the USA, Japan and western Europe have stable demand.

The key trends, issues and developments in the market are analysed in this major new report from Roskill. It provides a clear insight into the industry and its trends, and an authoritative analysis of the prospects for the future.

What the report gives you

• Independent, in-depth research and analysis
• Essential market intelligence for successful business planning
• Detailed survey of production and processing in over 60 countries
• Up-to-date profiles of the activities of over 70 producing and processing companies and potential projects, including CVRD, BHP Billiton, Privat and Eramet
• Forecasts for end-use consumption and world supply and demand

A key indicator of the potential for growth in steel demand is per capita consumption. While the per capita consumption in industrialising countries is increasing, it generally lags behind that of the major industrial economies. India, in particular, has enormous latent steel demand. A limiting factor in steel demand is the growing competition from alternative materials in some markets, such as automobiles, where the use of aluminium is increasing. The level of substitution would, however, need to be many times greater than it is now to have a significant impact on overall steel demand.

The structure of the manganese mining industry continues to change, with ownership of production capacity increasingly concentrated. As of 2007, BHP Billiton controlled approximately 17% of global supply, with Privat, Eramet, Vale (formerly CVRD) and Assmang bringing the total up to about 50%. Privat has been highly acquisitive in recent years and now controls all mine production in Ukraine, in addition to owning mines in Georgia and Ghana. In late 2007 it won the battle to acquire the Australian producer ConsMin. Privat, like the other major mine producers, is vertically integrated into the production of manganese ferro-alloys and output from its mines is probably destined mainly for captive use. This has implications for the global supply-demand balance.

This growing concentration of ownership and vertical integration is extending into the steelmaking sector, where, not that long ago, many producers moved out of backward integration. The prime example of this is ArcelorMittal, the world' s largest steelmaker, which intends to become largely self-sufficient in raw materials. It is a partner in the Kalgadi project in South Africa, which will be one of the world' s leading manganese ore and Fe-Mn producers when it comes on stream in 2010, and in late 2007 it announced the acquisition of the Slovak Fe-Mn smelter OFZ.

1. Executive summary

2. History, properties, occurrence and resources of manganese

• 2.1. History of manganese
• 2.2. Properties of manganese
• 2.3. Occurrence of manganese
  • 2.3.1. Manganese minerals
  • 2.3.2. Types of manganese deposits
• 2.4. Global manganese resources
• 2.4.1. Ocean nodules

3. Mining, processing and refining of manganese

• 3.1. Manganese ore mining
• 3.2. Manganese ore processing
• 3.3. Manganese smelting and refining
  • 3.3.1. Manganese ferro-alloys
    • 3.3.1.1. High-carbon ferro-manganese
    • 3.3.1.2. Medium-carbon and low-carbon ferro-manganese
    • 3.3.1.3. Ferro-silico-manganese
    • 3.3.1.4. Manganese ferro-alloy production costs
  • 3.3.2. Manganese metal
  • 3.3.3. Manganese dioxide
  • 3.3.4. Manganese chemicals
  • 3.3.5. Manganese recycling

4. Overview of world manganese production

• 4.1. Mine production of manganese
  • 4.1.1. Principal producers of manganese ore
• 4.2. Smelter/refinery production of manganese
  • 4.2.1. Production of manganese ferro-alloys
    • 4.2.1.1. Producers of manganese ferro-alloys
  • 4.2.2. Production of manganese metal
  • 4.2.3. Production of manganese chemicals

5. Review of manganese projects, mining and processing by country

• 5.1. Supply of manganese products in Argentina
• 5.2. Supply of manganese products in Australia
  • 5.2.1. Producers of manganese ore in Australia
    • 5.2.1.1. Consolidated Minerals Ltd. (ConsMin)
    • 5.2.1.2. Groote Eylandt Mining Co. Pty. Ltd. (Gemco)
    • 5.2.1.3. OM Holdings Ltd. (OMH)
    • 5.2.1.4. Process Minerals International (PMI)
    • 5.2.1.5. Other
  • 5.2.2. Smelters and refiners of manganese in Australia
    • 5.2.2.1. Australian Manganese Co. Pty. Ltd.
    • 5.2.2.2. HiTec Energy Ltd.
    • 5.2.2.3. Tasmanian Electro-Metallurgical Co. Pty. Ltd. (Temco)
• 5.3. Supply of manganese products in Austria
• 5.4. Supply of manganese products in Belgium
• 5.5. Supply of manganese products in Bosnia and Herzegovina
• 5.6. Supply of manganese products in Brazil
  • 5.6.1. Producers of manganese ore in Brazil
    • 5.6.1.1. Companhia Vale do Rio Doce (CVRD)
    • 5.6.1.2. Mineracao Buritirama SA
    • 5.6.1.3. Past producers
  • 5.6.2. Producers of manganese ferro-alloys in Brazil
    • 5.6.2.1. Companhia Vale do Rio Doce (CVRD)
    • 5.6.2.2. Other producers
  • 5.6.3. Producers of EMD in Brazil
• 5.7. Supply of manganese products in Bulgaria
• 5.8. Supply of manganese products in Burkina Faso
• 5.9. Supply of manganese products in Canada
• 5.1. Supply of manganese products in Chile
• 5.11. Supply of manganese products in China
  • 5.11.1. Producers of manganese ore in China
  • 5.11.2. Producers of manganese ferro-alloys in China
  • 5.11.3. Producers of manganese metal in China
  • 5.11.4. Producers of EMD and CMD in China
• 5.12. Supply of manganese products in Congo (Democratic Republic)
• 5.13. Supply of manganese products in Costa Rica
• 5.14. Supply of manganese products in Croatia
• 5.15. Supply of manganese products in Egypt
• 5.16. Supply of manganese products in France
  • 5.16.1. Producers of manganese ferro-alloys in France
    • 5.16.1.1. Eramet Comilog Manganese
    • 5.16.1.2. Rio Doce Manganese Europe (RDME)
• 5.17. Supply of manganese products in Gabon
  • 5.17.1. Producers of manganese ore in Gabon
    • 5.17.1.1. Compagnie Miniere de l' Ogooue (Comilog)
    • 5.17.1.2. Potential producers
• 5.18. Supply of manganese products in Georgia
  • 5.18.1. Producers and processors of manganese in Georgia
• 5.19. Supply of manganese products in Germany
• 5.20. Supply of manganese products in Ghana
• 5.21. Supply of manganese products in Greece
• 5.22. Supply of manganese products in Hungary
• 5.23. Supply of manganese products in India
  • 5.23.1. Producers of manganese ore in India
    • 5.23.1.1. Manganese Ore India Ltd. (MOIL)
    • 5.23.1.2. Orissa Mining Corp. Ltd.
    • 5.23.1.3. Sandur Manganese and Iron Ore Ltd. (Sandur)
    • 5.23.1.4. Tata Iron & Steel Co. Ltd.
    • 5.23.1.5. Other
  • 5.23.2. Producers of manganese ferro-alloys in India
    • 5.23.2.1. Baheti Metals and Ferro-Alloys Ltd.
    • 5.23.2.2. Balasore Alloys Ltd.
    • 5.23.2.3. Chhattisgarh Electricity Co. Ltd.
    • 5.23.2.4. Ferro-Alloys Corp. (Facor)
    • 5.23.2.5. Hira Ferro Alloys Ltd.
    • 5.23.2.6. Jalan Ispat Castings Ltd.
    • 5.23.2.7. Karthik Alloys Ltd.
    • 5.23.2.8. KFA Corp. (formerly Khandelwal Ferro-Alloys Ltd.)
    • 5.23.2.9. Maharashtra Elektrosmelt Ltd. (MEL)
    • 5.23.2.10. Maithan Group
    • 5.23.2.11. Manganese Ore India Ltd. (MOIL)
    • 5.23.2.12. Nava Bharat Ventures Ltd. (NBV)
    • 5.23.2.13. Sandur Manganese and Iron Ore Ltd.
    • 5.23.2.14. Shri Ganesh Ferro-Alloys
    • 5.23.2.15. Sova Ispat Group
    • 5.23.2.16. Srinivasa Ferro-Alloys Ltd.
    • 5.23.2.17. Sun Metal & Alloys
    • 5.23.2.18. Universal Ferro and Allied Chemicals Ltd.
• 5.24. Supply of manganese products in Indonesia
• 5.25. Supply of manganese products in Iran
• 5.26. Supply of manganese products in Ireland
• 5.27. Supply of manganese products in Italy
• 5.28. Supply of manganese products in the Ivory Coast
• 5.29. Supply of manganese products in Japan
  • 5.29.1. Producers of manganese ferro-alloys in Japan
    • 5.29.1.1. Chuo Denki Kogyo Co. Ltd.
    • 5.29.1.2. Japan Metals and Chemicals (JMC)
    • 5.29.1.3. Kobe Steel
    • 5.29.1.4. Mizushima Ferroalloy Co. Ltd.
    • 5.29.1.5. Nippon Denko
  • 5.29.2. Producers of EMD in Japan
    • 5.29.2.1. Mitsui Mining and Smelting Co.
    • 5.29.2.2. Tosoh Corp.
• 5.3. Supply of manganese products in Kazakhstan
  • 5.30.1. Producers of manganese ore in Kazakhstan
    • 5.30.1.1. PJSC Alash
    • 5.30.1.2. Aluet
    • 5.30.1.3. JSC Atasuruda
    • 5.30.1.4. Elros-Zhezkazgan
    • 5.30.1.5. RU Kazmarganets
    • 5.30.1.6. Zhairem GOK
    • 5.30.1.7. PJSC Zhezkazganruda
  • 5.30.2. Producers of manganese ferro-alloys in Kazakhstan
    • 5.30.2.1. JSC Aksu
    • 5.30.2.2. LTD Temirtau Chemical-Metallurgical Plant
• 5.31. Supply of manganese products in North Korea
• 5.32. Supply of manganese products in South Korea
• 5.33. Supply of manganese products in Macedonia (former Yugoslav Republic)
• 5.34. Supply of manganese products in Mexico
  • 5.34.1. Producers and processors of manganese in Mexico
    • 5.34.1.1. Minera Autlan
    • 5.34.1.2. Eramet Mexico
• 5.35. Supply of manganese products in Morocco
• 5.36. Supply of manganese products in Myanmar
• 5.37. Supply of manganese products in Namibia
• 5.38. Supply of manganese products in Norway
  • 5.38.1. Producers of manganese ferro-alloys in Norway
    • 5.38.1.1. Eramet A/S
    • 5.38.1.2. Rio Doce Manganese Norway (RDMN)
    • 5.38.1.3. Tinfos Jernverk A/S
• 5.39. Supply of manganese products in Pakistan
• 5.40. Supply of manganese products in Panama
• 5.41. Supply of manganese products in Paraguay
• 5.42. Supply of manganese products in Peru
• 5.43. Supply of manganese products in the Philippines
• 5.44. Supply of manganese products in Poland
  • 5.44.1. Producers of manganese ferro-alloys in Poland
    • 5.44.1.1. Huta A-asiska
    • 5.44.1.2. Stalmag
• 5.45. Supply of manganese products in Portugal
• 5.46. Supply of manganese products in Romania
• 5.47. Supply of manganese products in Russia
  • 5.47.1. Producers of manganese ore in Russia
    • 5.47.1.1. Producers of manganese ferro-alloys in Russia
• 5.48. Supply of manganese products in Saudi Arabia
• 5.49. Supply of manganese products in the Slovak Republic
• 5.5. Supply of manganese products in South Africa
  • 5.50.1. Producers of manganese ore in South Africa
    • 5.50.1.1. Assmang Ltd.
    • 5.50.1.2. Samancor Ltd.
    • 5.50.1.3. Other
  • 5.50.2. Producers of manganese ferro-alloys in South Africa
    • 5.50.2.1. Assmang Ltd. Cato Ridge
    • 5.50.2.2. Metalloys
    • 5.50.2.3. Transalloys
  • 5.50.3. Producers of manganese metal and chemicals in South Africa
• 5.51. Supply of manganese products in Spain
  • 5.51.1. Producers of manganese ferro-alloys in Spain
    • 5.51.1.1. FerroAtlantica SA
    • 5.51.1.2. Hidro Nitro Espanola
• 5.52. Supply of manganese products in Taiwan
• 5.53. Supply of manganese products in Thailand
• 5.54. Supply of manganese products in Turkey
• 5.55. Supply of manganese products in Ukraine
  • 5.55.1. Producers of manganese ore in Ukraine
    • 5.55.1.1. Marganetsky GOK (MGOK)
    • 5.55.1.2. JSC Ordzhonikidzevsky GOK (OGOK)
    • 5.55.1.3. Tavrichesky GOK (TGOK)
  • 5.55.2. Producers of manganese ferro-alloys in Ukraine
    • 5.55.2.1. Konstantinovsky Metallurgical Plant
    • 5.55.2.2. Kramatorsk Metallurgical Plant
    • 5.55.2.3. JSC Nikopol (NZF)
    • 5.55.2.4. JSC Stakhanovsky (SFP)
    • 5.55.2.5. JSC Zaporozh' e (ZFZ)
• 5.56. Supply of manganese products in the UK
• 5.57. Supply of manganese products in the USA
  • 5.57.1. Producers of manganese ferro-alloys in the USA
    • 5.57.1.1. Eramet Marietta
    • 5.57.1.2. Felman Production Inc.
  • 5.57.2. Producers of manganese metal in the USA
  • 5.57.3. Producers of EMD in the USA
    • 5.57.3.1. Erachem
    • 5.57.3.2. Eveready Battery Co.
    • 5.57.3.3. Tronox Inc.
  • 5.57.4. National Defense Stockpile
• 5.58. Supply of manganese products in Venezuela
• 5.59. Supply of manganese products in Vietnam
• 5.60. Supply of manganese products in Zambia
• 5.61. Supply of manganese products in Zimbabwe

6. Overview of world manganese consumption

• 6.1. Consumption of manganese ore
• 6.2. Consumption of manganese ferro-alloys
• 6.3. Consumption of manganese metal
• 6.4. Consumption of electrolytic manganese dioxide
• 6.5. Outlook for manganese demand

7. Uses of manganese

• 7.1. Use of manganese in iron and steel production
  • 7.1.1. Use of manganese ore in pig iron production
    • 7.1.1.1. Pig iron production
  • 7.1.2. Use of manganese ferro-alloys and metal in crude steel production
    • 7.1.2.1. Forms of manganese additions
    • 7.1.2.2. Steelmaking processes
    • 7.1.2.3. Crude steel production
  • 7.1.3. Carbon steels
    • 7.1.3.1. Markets for carbon steels
  • 7.1.4. Alloy steels
    • 7.1.4.1. Full alloy steels
    • 7.1.4.2. HSLA steels
    • 7.1.4.3. Other alloy steels
  • 7.1.5. Stainless steel
    • 7.1.5.1. Types of stainless steel
    • 7.1.5.2. Uses of stainless steel
    • 7.1.5.3. Production of stainless steel
    • 7.1.5.4. Outlook for manganese demand in stainless steel
  • 7.1.6. Outlook for manganese demand for steel
    • 7.1.6.1. Current and medium-term outlook
    • 7.1.6.2. Long-term outlook
• 7.2. Use of manganese in non-steel alloys
  • 7.2.1. Non-ferrous alloys
    • 7.2.1.1. Aluminium alloys
    • 7.2.1.2. Copper alloys
    • 7.2.1.3. Other non-ferrous alloys
  • 7.2.2. Cast iron
  • 7.2.3. Superalloys
  • 7.2.4. Other non-steel alloys
• 7.3. Use of manganese in batteries
  • 7.3.1. Types of batteries
  • 7.3.2. Production of batteries
  • 7.3.3. Outlook for manganese demand in batteries
    • 7.3.3.1. Primary batteries
    • 7.3.3.2. Secondary batteries
• 7.4. Other uses for manganese
  • 7.4.1. Colourants and pigments
    • 7.4.1.1. Bricks and tiles
    • 7.4.1.2. Frits
    • 7.4.1.3. Glazes
    • 7.4.1.4. Glass
    • 7.4.1.5. Pigments
    • 7.4.1.6. Tumbling media
  • 7.4.2. Ferrites
  • 7.4.3. Welding fluxes
  • 7.4.4. Agriculture
    • 7.4.4.1. Animal feeds
    • 7.4.4.2. Fertilisers
  • 7.4.5. Water treatment
    • 7.4.5.1. Manganese ore
    • 7.4.5.2. Potassium permanganate
  • 7.4.6. Hydrometallurgy
    • 7.4.6.1. Zinc processing
    • 7.4.6.2. Uranium processing
    • 7.4.6.3. Other uses
  • 7.4.7. Fuel additives
  • 7.4.8. Oxidising agents
  • 7.4.9. Odour control
  • 7.4.10. Catalysts
  • 7.4.11. Sealants
  • 7.4.12. Metal coating
  • 7.4.13. Circuit boards
  • 7.4.14. Sulphur dioxide removal
  • 7.4.15. Hydroquinone production
  • 7.4.16. Other minor uses

8. International trade in manganese products

• 8.1. International trade in manganese ores and concentrates
• 8.2. International trade in manganese ferro-alloys
  • 8.2.1. International trade in ferro-manganese
  • 8.2.2. International trade in ferro-silico-manganese
• 8.3. International trade in manganese dioxide and other oxides
• 8.4. International trade in manganese metal

9. Manganese marketing and prices

• 9.1. Prices of manganese ore and concentrates
  • 9.1.1. Metallurgical-grade ore
  • 9.1.2. Non-metallurgical grade ore
• 9.2. Prices of manganese ferro-alloys
• 9.3. Prices of manganese metal
• 9.4. Prices of manganese chemicals

• Table 1: Physical properties of manganese
• Table 2: Principal manganese minerals
• Table 3: Composition of ocean-floor manganese nodules by ocean
• Table 4: World: Estimated manganese reserves and reserve base 2006
• Table 5: Principal producing countries: Typical Mn content of manganese ores produced
• Table 6: Chemical compositions of selected manganese concentrates
• Table 7: ASTM specifications for manganese ferro-alloys
• Table 8: Selected manganese chemicals: Formulae, manganese content and main markets
• Table 9: World: Estimated distribution of production of manganese ore in selected countries, 1995 to 2006 (000t gross wt)
• Table 10: World: Estimated distribution of production of manganese ore in selected countries, 1995 to 2006 (000t contained Mn)
• Table 11: World: Principal producers of manganese ore
• Table 12: World: Production of manganese ferro-alloys, 2003 to 2006
• Table 13: World: Estimated distribution of production of manganese ferro-alloys in selected countries, 1995 to 2006
• Table 14: World: Principal producers of manganese ferro-alloys
• Table 15: World: Principal producers of EMD (as of June 2006)
• Table 16: Argentina: Summary of manganese production and trade, 1995 to 2006
• Table 17: Australia: Production of manganese ore and ferro-alloys, 1980 to 2006
• Table 18: Australia: International trade in manganese ore and ferro-alloys, 1980 to 2006
• Table 19: Consolidated Minerals: Manganese resources at Woodie Woodie (as of June 30th 2006)
• Table 20: Woodie Woodie: Grades of manganese ore and concentrates produced
• Table 21: Woodie Woodie: Production of manganese ore, 1999/00 to 2006/07
• Table 22: Gemco: Production of manganese ore, 2001 to 2006
• Table 23: Gemco: Grades of manganese ore and concentrates produced
• Table 24: Belgium: Summary of manganese production and trade, 1995 to 2006
• Table 25: Brazil: Manganese reserves, 2005
• Table 26: Brazil: Production of manganese ferro-alloys, 1985 to 2005
• Table 27: Brazil: Summary of manganese production and trade, 1995 to 2006
• Table 28: CVRD: Summary of manganese mines in Brazil
• Table 29: Brazil: CVRD: Specifications of metallurgical manganese ore and concentrates
• Table 30: CVRD: Manganese ferro-alloy production capacity and output, 2006
• Table 31: Bulgaria: Production of manganese ore, 2001 to 2005
• Table 32: Chile: Production of manganese ore and manganese ferro-alloys, 1995 to 2005
• Table 33: China: Summary of manganese production and trade, 1995 to 2006
• Table 34: China: Production of manganese ferro-alloys, 1987 to 2005
• Table 35: China: Principal manganese mines (at end 2006)
• Table 36: China: Companies producing battery-grade manganese ore powder (at end 2006)
• Table 37: China: Principal producers of manganese ferro-alloys (at end 2006)
• Table 38: China: Principal producers of manganese metal (at end 2006)
• Table 39: China: Principal producers of EMD and CMD (at end 2005)
• Table 40: France: Production of manganese ferro-alloys by type, 1984 to 2006
• Table 41: France: Summary of manganese production and trade, 1995 to 2006
• Table 42: Georgia: Summary of manganese production and trade, 1995 to 2006
• Table 43: Germany: Summary of manganese production and trade, 1995 to 2006
• Table 44: India: Reserves of manganese ore by state, 2005
• Table 45: India: Production of manganese ore by state and Mn content, 2004/05
• Table 46: India: Summary of manganese production and trade, 1995 to 2006
• Table 47: MOIL: Reserves of manganese by mine (Mt ore)
• Table 48: MOIL: Production of manganese ore and refined products, 2000 to 2007
• Table 49: India: Principal producers of manganese ferro-alloys
• Table 50: Iran: Production of manganese, 2000 to 2005
• Table 51: Italy: Summary of manganese production and trade, 1995 to 2006
• Table 52: Japan: Summary of manganese production and trade, 1995 to 2006
• Table 53: Japan: Nominal capacity of manganese ferro-alloy producers
• Table 54: Kazakhstan: Summary of manganese production and trade, 1995 to 2006
• Table 55: South Korea: Summary of manganese production and trade, 1995 to 2006
• Table 56: South Korea: Manganese ferro-alloy producers
• Table 57: Mexico: Summary of manganese production and trade, 1995 to 2006
• Table 58: Norway: Summary of manganese production and trade, 1995 to 2006
• Table 59: Poland: Summary of manganese production and trade, 1995 to 2006
• Table 60: Romania: Production and exports of manganese ferro-alloys, 1985 to 2006
• Table 61: Russia: Summary of manganese production and trade, 1995 to 2006
• Table 62: OFZ: Production of manganese ferro-alloys, 2003 to 2006
• Table 63: South Africa: Summary of manganese production and trade, 1995 to 2006
• Table 64: Assmang: Summary of manganese reserves
• Table 65: Assmang: Specification of manganese ores
• Table 66: Samancor: Summary of manganese reserves (at 30th June 2006)
• Table 67: Spain: Summary of manganese production and trade, 1995 to 2006
• Table 68: Ukraine: Summary of manganese production and trade, 1995 to 2006
• Table 69: UK: Summary of manganese imports, 1995 to 2006
• Table 70: USA: Summary of manganese production and trade, 1995 to 2006
• Table 71: USA: Manganese stockpile status, September 2006
• Table 72: Venezuela: Summary of manganese production and trade, 1995 to 2006
• Table 73: World: Consumption of manganese by region, 2006
• Table 74: World: Manganese ore supply-demand balance, 2005
• Table 75: World: Apparent consumption of manganese ores and concentrates by country, 2000 to 2006
• Table 76: World: Manganese ferro-alloys supply-demand balance, 2005
• Table 77: World: Manganese ferro-alloys supply-demand balance, 2003 to 2007
• Table 78: Selected countries: Apparent consumption of manganese ferro-alloys, 2000 to 2006
• Table 79: World: Forecast growth in manganese demand by type of steel, 2006 to 2015
• Table 80: Typical manganese content of carbon and alloy steels
• Table 81: World: Production of pig iron by country, 1998 to 2006
• Table 82: World: Estimated consumption of manganese ferro-alloys by type and steelmaking process
• Table 83: Typical unit consumption of manganese in steelmaking, 2000 to 2005
• Table 84: China: Unit consumption of manganese ferro-alloys in steelmaking, 1998 to 2004
• Table 85: World: Production of crude steel by region and leading countries, 1998 to 2006
• Table 86: World: Leading steel-producing companies, 2002 and 2006
• Table 87: World: Production of passenger cars by country, 1997 to 2006
• Table 88: World: Production of light commercial vehicles by country, 1997 to 2006
• Table 89: USA: Value of construction put in place, 2002 to 2006
• Table 90: Selected countries: Production of alloy steel ingot, 1999 to 2005
• Table 91: China: Production of alloy steels by type, 2006
• Table 92: Typical compositions of full alloy steels
• Table 93: Alloying additions and properties of selected ASTM grades of HSLA steel
• Table 94: Compositions of air-cooled microalloy forging steels
• Table 95: Selected countries: Production of tool and high-speed steels, 1999 to 2005
• Table 96: Chemical composition of selected 200 series stainless steels
• Table 97: World: Production of stainless steel by country, 1995 to 2006
• Table 98: China: Stainless steel melting capacity by company, 2004 to 2007
• Table 99: World: Capacities of principal stainless steel producing companies, 2006 and 2008
• Table 100: World: Apparent consumption of finished steel by region, 2000 to 2006
• Table 101: World: Apparent consumption of finished steel by leading countries, 2000 to 2006
• Table 102: World: Short-range outlook for apparent steel use, 2006-2008
• Table 103: Selected countries: Per capita consumption of crude steel, 1998 to 2005
• Table 104: World: Forecast growth in steel demand to 2010 and 2015
• Table 105: Chemical composition and applications of wrought aluminium alloys containing manganese
• Table 106: Typical compositions of cast irons by type
• Table 107: World: Production of iron castings by type, 1970 to 2005
• Table 108: World: Production of iron castings by country, 2005
• Table 109: Compositions of selected superalloys and high-performance alloys containing manganese
• Table 110: Specifications and typical analysis of NMD, EMD and CMD
• Table 111: Europe: Sales of batteries by type, 2003 (weight to market)
• Table 112: Japan: Sales of primary batteries by type, 1986 to 2006
• Table 113: Japan: Sales of selected secondary batteries by type, 1986 to 2006
• Table 114: World: Sales of lithium-ion batteries, 2001 to 2006
• Table 115: World: Demand for batteries, 2005 and forecast for 2010
• Table 116: USA: Forecast sales of lithium primary batteries, 2002-2009
• Table 117: Canada: Estimated sales of primary batteries, 2004 to 2010
• Table 118: Japan: Production of ferrites 1997 to 2001
• Table 119: World: Principal exporters of manganese ores and concentrates, 2000 to 2006
• Table 120: World: Principal importers of manganese ores and concentrates, 2000 to 2006
• Table 121: Reporting countries: Exports of manganese ores and concentrates by country of origin, 2006
• Table 122: Reporting countries: Exports of manganese ores and concentrates by country of origin, 2005
• Table 123: Reporting countries: Imports of manganese ores and concentrates by country of destination, 2006
• Table 124: Reporting countries: Imports of manganese ores and concentrates by country of destination, 2005
• Table 125: Reporting countries: Exports of ferro-manganese by country of origin, 2006
• Table 126: Reporting countries: Exports of ferro-manganese by country of origin, 2005
• Table 127: Reporting countries: Imports of ferro-manganese by country of destination, 2006
• Table 128: Reporting countries: Imports of ferro-manganese by country of destination, 2005
• Table 129: Reporting countries: Exports of ferro-silico-manganese by country of origin, 2006
• Table 130: Reporting countries: Exports of ferro-silico-manganese by country of origin, 2005
• Table 131: Reporting countries: Imports of ferro-silico-manganese by country of destination, 2006
• Table 132: Reporting countries: Imports of ferro-silico-manganese by country of destination, 2005
• Table 133: Reporting countries: Exports of manganese dioxide by country of origin, 2006
• Table 134: Reporting countries: Exports of manganese dioxide by country of origin, 2005
• Table 135: Reporting countries: Imports of manganese dioxide by country of destination, 2006
• Table 136: Reporting countries: Imports of manganese dioxide by country of destination, 2005
• Table 137: Reporting countries: Exports of other manganese oxides by country of origin, 2006
• Table 138: Reporting countries: Exports of other manganese oxides by country of origin, 2005
• Table 139: Reporting countries: Imports of other manganese oxides by country of destination, 2006
• Table 140: Reporting countries: Imports of other manganese oxides by country of destination, 2005
• Table 141: Reporting countries: Exports of manganese metal in all forms by country of origin, 2006
• Table 142: Reporting countries: Exports of manganese metal in all forms by country of origin, 2005
• Table 143: Reporting countries: Imports of manganese metal in all forms by country of origin, 2006
• Table 144: Reporting countries: Imports of manganese metal in all forms by country of origin, 2005
• Table 145: Europe: Prices of metallurgical-grade manganese ore, 1980 to 2007
• Table 146: Europe: Prices of non-metallurgical grade manganese ore, 1980 to 2002
• Table 147: Europe: Bulk manganese ferro-alloy prices, 2006/07
• Table 148: Europe, Hong Kong & USA: Year-end prices of HC Fe-Mn, 1980-2007
• Table 149: Europe, Hong Kong & USA: Year-end prices of Fe-Si-Mn, 1980-2007
• Table 150: World: Year-end free market prices of manganese metal, 99.7% Mn, electrolytic flake, 1997 to 2007
• Table 151: USA: Published prices of selected manganese chemicals, 1980 to 2000

• Figure 1: World production of steel and manganese, 1995 to 2006 and forecasts to 2015
• Figure 2: World consumption of manganese by region, 2005/06
• Figure 3: Per capita consumption of crude steel in selected countries, 2005
• Figure 4: Ownership of the global manganese mining industry
• Figure 5: Average cost structure for manganese ferro-alloys
• Figure 6: World: Production of crude steel and manganese, 1995 to 2006
• Figure 7: World: Production of manganese ore by principal countries, 2006
• Figure 8: World: Production of manganese ore by principal countries, 2006
• Figure 9: Principal producing countries: Comparison of gross weight and metal content of manganese ore produced, 2006
• Figure 10: World: Production of manganese ferro-alloys by region, 2005
• Figure 11: World: Estimated production of manganese ferro-alloys, 1995 to 2006
• Figure 12: World: Estimated production of ferro-manganese and silico-manganese, 1995 to 2006
• Figure 13: Australia: Production and exports of manganese ore, 1980 to 2006
• Figure 14: Brazil: Production of manganese concentrate, 1985 to 2006
• Figure 15: Brazil: Production of manganese ferro-alloys, 1985 to 2005
• Figure 16: China: Production of manganese ore, 1984 to 2006
• Figure 17: China: Production of manganese ferro-alloys, 1987 to 2005
• Figure 18: Gabon: Production of manganese ores and concentrates, 1984 to 2006
• Figure 19: Ghana: Production of manganese ores and concentrates, 1993 to 2005
• Figure 20: World: Estimated end use of manganese ore by end use
• Figure 21: China: Consumption of manganese ore by type of manganese product, 2005
• Figure 22: Principal countries: Apparent consumption of Fe-Mn and Fe-Si-Mn, 2000 to 2007
• Figure 23: World: Consumption of manganese ferro-alloys by type, 2006
• Figure 24: Consumption of manganese ferro-alloys by steelmaking process
• Figure 25: USA: Consumption of manganese metal by end use, 2005
• Figure 26: World: Estimated consumption of manganese by type of steel, 2006
• Figure 27: World: Production of pig iron by principal countries, 1998 and 2006
• Figure 28: World: Production of Fe-Mn and Fe-Si-Mn, 1996 to 2006
• Figure 29: World: Production of crude steel by process, 1986 to 2006
• Figure 30: World: Production of DRI, 1970 to 2006
• Figure 31: World: Production of crude steel by principal region, 1998 to 2006
• Figure 32: World: Consumption of stainless steel by market segment, 2006
• Figure 33: World: Production of stainless steel, and year-on-year change, 1992 to 2006
• Figure 34: World: Average monthly prices for manganese metal and nickel, 2007
• Figure 35: World: Demand for stainless steel by type, 2003 to 2007
• Figure 36: Japan: Sales of primary batteries by type, 1993 to 2006
• Figure 37: Japan: Market shares for primary and secondary batteries, 1986 to 2006
• Figure 38: Japan: Sales of selected secondary batteries by type, 1993 to 2006
• Figure 39: Japan: Average sales price of lithium-ion batteries, 1995 to 2006
• Figure 40: Japan: Production of primary and secondary batteries by type, 2006
• Figure 41: USA: Average value of manganese imports by product type, 2006
• Figure 42: USA: Annual prices of imported manganese ferro-alloys, 1999 to 2007
• Figure 43: USA: Monthly prices of HC Fe-Mn and Fe-Si-Mn, 1999 to 2007
• Figure 44: US and Hong Kong: Monthly prices for Fe-Mn and Fe-Si-Mn, 2007
• Figure 45: World: Prices of manganese metal, 99.7% Mn, electrolytic flake, 1997 to 2007
• Figure 46: World: Monthly prices of manganese metal, 99.7% Mn electrolytic flake, 2007
• Figure 47: Selected countries: Average values of exports of manganese dioxide, 2002 to 2006
• Figure 48: Selected countries: Average values of imports of manganese dioxide, 2002 to 2006